Oocyte and Embryo Manipulation and Epigenetics

Osman, Emily K.; Franasiak, Jason M.; Scott, Richard T.

doi:10.1055/s-0039-1688801

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…As the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures becomes more common, its effect on epigenetic regulation of embryonic development needs to be examined. It has been shown that ART procedures cause a high level of chromosomal abnormalities including aneuploidies, chromosomal breaks, rearrangements which can lead to CNVs, and epigenetic changes (51). Furthermore, due to the timing of ART, which is performed during major epigenetic remodeling in the early embryo, inappropriate gene silencing or activation could result in CAKUT or other defects.…”

Section: Epigenetic Changes: How the Environment Affects Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Primer on Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tracts (CAKUT)

Murugapoopathy¹,

Gupta²

2020

CJASN

128

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Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tracts (CAKUT) are disorders caused by defects in the development of the kidneys and their outflow tracts. The formation of the kidneys begins at week 3 and nephrogenesis continues until week 36, therefore, the kidneys and outflow tracts are susceptible to environmental risk factors that perturb development throughout gestation. Many genes have been implicated in kidney and outflow tract development, and mutations have been identified in patients with CAKUT. In severe cases of CAKUT, when the kidneys do not form, the fetus will not survive. However, in less severe cases, the baby can survive with combined kidney and outflow tract defects or they may only be identified in adulthood. In this review, we will cover the clinical presentation of CAKUT, its epidemiology, and its long-term outcomes. We will then discuss risk factors for CAKUT, including genetic and environmental contributions. Although severe CAKUT is rare, low nephron number is a much more common disorder with its effect on kidney function increasingly apparent as a person ages. Low nephron number appears to arise by the same mechanisms as CAKUT, but it differs in terms of the magnitude of the insult and the timing of when it occurs during gestation. By understanding the causes of CAKUT and low nephron number, we can begin to identify preventive treatments and establish clinical guidelines for how these patients should be followed.

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Section: Epigenetic Changes: How the Environment Affects Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Primer on Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tracts (CAKUT)

Murugapoopathy¹,

Gupta²

2020

CJASN

128

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“…There is also no transcription of the zygote genome at the early stages of embryo development, which begins at fertilization when a haploid oocyte fuses with a sperm. Although the maternal and paternal gametes offer equal genetic materials, early embryo development mainly depends on maternal mRNAs and proteins in the oocyte ( Osman et al, 2018 ). These proteins are mainly activated during fertilization and the maternal-to-zygotic transition ( Yartseva and Giraldez, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Translational Modifications in Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development

Yang

2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development are unique biological processes regulated by various modifications. Since de novo mRNA transcription is absent during oocyte meiosis, protein-level regulation, especially post-translational modification (PTM), is crucial. It is known that PTM plays key roles in diverse cellular events such as DNA damage response, chromosome condensation, and cytoskeletal organization during oocyte maturation and embryo development. However, most previous reviews on PTM in oocytes and embryos have only focused on studies of Xenopus laevis or Caenorhabditis elegans eggs. In this review, we will discuss the latest discoveries regarding PTM in mammalian oocytes maturation and embryo development, focusing on phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). Phosphorylation functions in chromosome condensation and spindle alignment by regulating histone H3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and some other pathways during mammalian oocyte maturation. Ubiquitination is a three-step enzymatic cascade that facilitates the degradation of proteins, and numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in modifying substrates and thus regulating oocyte maturation, oocyte-sperm binding, and early embryo development. Through the reversible addition and removal of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) on lysine residues, SUMOylation affects the cell cycle and DNA damage response in oocytes. As an emerging PTM, PARlation has been shown to not only participate in DNA damage repair, but also mediate asymmetric division of oocyte meiosis. Each of these PTMs and external environments is versatile and contributes to distinct phases during oocyte maturation and embryo development.

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“…Due to the inability to conduct in vitro spermatogenesis in livestock species, sperm usually experience less environmental stressors than oocytes. For example, stresses during IVM, including oxygen tension, temperature fluctuation, media composition and osmotic stress, could cause epigenetic alternations in oocytes (El Hajj and Haaf, 2013;Osman et al, 2018). In domestic species, since the establishment of epigenetic modifications has finished before sperm are retrieved and treated for IVP, the chance is much higher that epigenetic defects in the sperm genome come from perturbation during in vivo spermatogenesis rather than sperm handling procedures (Urrego et al, 2014).…”

Section: Epigenetic Modifications Associated With Sperm Fertility In mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epigenetics of Gametes and Early Embryos and Potential Long-Range Consequences in Livestock Species—Filling in the Picture With Epigenomic Analyses

2021

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The epigenome is dynamic and forged by epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA species. Increasing lines of evidence support the concept that certain acquired traits are derived from environmental exposure during early embryonic and fetal development, i.e., fetal programming, and can even be “memorized” in the germline as epigenetic information and transmitted to future generations. Advances in technology are now driving the global profiling and precise editing of germline and embryonic epigenomes, thereby improving our understanding of epigenetic regulation and inheritance. These achievements open new avenues for the development of technologies or potential management interventions to counteract adverse conditions or improve performance in livestock species. In this article, we review the epigenetic analyses (DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs) of germ cells and embryos in mammalian livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs) and the epigenetic determinants of gamete and embryo viability. We also discuss the effects of parental environmental exposures on the epigenetics of gametes and the early embryo, and evidence for transgenerational inheritance in livestock.

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Oocyte and Embryo Manipulation and Epigenetics

Cited by 28 publications

References 84 publications

A Primer on Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tracts (CAKUT)

A Primer on Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tracts (CAKUT)

Post-Translational Modifications in Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development

The Epigenetics of Gametes and Early Embryos and Potential Long-Range Consequences in Livestock Species—Filling in the Picture With Epigenomic Analyses

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