Ontology-Based Representation and Reasoning about Precise and Imprecise Time Intervals

A systematic review on time-constrained ontology evolution in predictive maintenance

“…The results show that there are two main approaches when it comes to representing timeconstrained relationships in ontologies, namely: (1) reification, which usually assumes the form of 4D-fluents (Harbelot et al 2015;Krieger et al 2016;Ghorbel et al 2019;Burek et al 2019;Chen et al 2018;Kessler et al 2015;Gimenez-Garcia et al 2017;Meditskos et al 2016) and ( 2) n-quads (Calbimonte et al 2016;Tommasini et al 2017). In simple terms, reification describes a temporal relationship through means of a class; 4D-fluents improve on this approach by removing the cardinality constraint and allowing for any object to have any number of attributes, at any given time; n-quads, on a different approach, allows for the introduction of any number of dimensions to a triple, including time.…”

“…As for relationships that represent time but are not in themselves time-constrained, there are two main approaches: by describing qualitative (e.g. through Allen's temporal algebra) (Chen et al 2018;Harbelot et al 2015;Piovesan et al 2015;Zhou et al 2016;Zhang and Xu 2018;Batsakis et al 2015) or quantitative (representing time points, intervals and durations) (Meditskos et al 2016;Burek et al 2019;Ghorbel et al 2019;Gimenez-Garcia et al 2017;Krieger et al 2016;Kessler et al 2015;Piovesan et al 2015;Calbimonte et al 2016;Tommasini et al 2017;Chen et al 2018;Batsakis et al 2015;Li et al 2019;Baader et al 2018Baader et al , 2015, or through partial classification by means of fuzzy ontologies (Gimenez-Garcia et al 2017).…”