Ontogeny of the cytoskeleton during mammalian oogenesis

Gallicano, G. Ian; McGaughey, Robert W.; Capco, David G.

doi:10.1002/jemt.1070270207

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, phosphate can affect the critical concentration of actin necessary for assembly of actin microfilaments (Rickard and Shetterline, 1986) and stabilize microtubules (Carlier et al, 1988) in other cell types. It is unknown whether intermediate filament proteins are involved with organization of the mitochondria, although their presence in hamster preimplantation embryos has been described (Gallicano et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose and phosphate toxicity in hamster preimplantation embryos involves disruption of cellular organization, including distribution of active mitochondria

et al. 1997

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While perinuclear clustering of active mitochondria, as revealed by Rhodamine 123 staining and confocal microscopy, is part of normal hamster embryo development, it is not known whether this reorganization is necessary for development. To determine if disruption of mitochondrial organization occurs in developmentally compromised embryos, the intensity of Rhodamine 123 staining was quantitated using NIH Image Software in different regions of cultured hamster 2‐cell embryos exposed to either blocking (contains glucose and phosphate) or non‐blocking culture conditions. Three regions within each blastomere were defined based on the organization of freshly collected embryos: cortical (ring beneath plasma membrane), perinuclear, and intermediate regions. While there was no treatment effect on the total staining intensity, glucose and phosphate treated embryos had significantly higher Rhodamine 123 staining in the intermediate region, with corresponding reduced intensity in the perinuclear region, implicating glucose and phosphate in the redistribution of mitochondria. Glucose and phosphate treatment also selectively reduced the FITC Phalloidin staining of actin microfilaments in the interior of the embryo. Neither cytochalasin D nor colchicine, at doses that blocked the second cleavage, caused redistribution of mitochondria like that seen with glucose and phosphate treatment. Additionally, cytochalasin D was unable to disrupt actin microfilaments in the perinuclear region, although it induced a “clumpy” appearance in both the mitochondria and microfilaments. This report not only offers a more mechanistic explanation of the embryo 2‐cell block (translocation of mitochondria involved in glucose and phosphate inhibition) but suggests that appropriate cellular organization, including the spatial positioning of the mitochondria, may be a prerequisite for normal development and that the physical organization of the embryo is susceptible to damage by exposure to culture conditions. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 48:227–237, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose and phosphate toxicity in hamster preimplantation embryos involves disruption of cellular organization, including distribution of active mitochondria

et al. 1997

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“…(79)(80)(81)(82), the majority of investigations have shown that the physiological localization of intermediate filaments is in a highly crosslinked network, which is completely coated with a layer of one or more proteins. Based on numerous ultrastructural observations the orientation of crosslinked filaments and protein coat give these cytoskeletal structures a sheet-like appearance, hence they have been termed "cytoskeletal sheets" (29,31,83,84).…”

Section: The Cytoskeleton During Fertilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence is strong as eggs and early embryos from several mammalian species were subjected to numerous different biochemical and ultrastructural methodologies. One of the first observations made from employing these approaches was the finding of two types of sheets, one with a fibrous composition and the other a more planar composition (29,77,83). Each species examined contained only one type of sheet.…”

Section: The Cytoskeleton During Fertilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence shows that the cytoskeletal sheets are a major cytoskeletal component in eggs and early embryos especially in rodents (29,30,83). Although the sheets undergo changes at fertilization (see above), the most significant change in the sheet network (both fibrous and planar sheets; see above) occurs at compaction (29,30,83,78,86). It is at this stage that sheets begin to splay apart into clearly visible 10-11nm filaments.…”

Section: The Cytoskeleton During Compactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition, regulation, and function of the cytoskeleton in mammalian eggs and embryos

2001

Front Biosci

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The cytoskeleton of the mammalian egg and early embryo is highly unique when compared to the cytoskeleton of their somatic cell brethren. Although all three cytoskeletal systems, actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, are present as early as the unfertilized egg; each system has adapted features that allow the egg and early embryo to meet the strict demands of the developmental process. The major demands placed upon eggs and embryos are developmental transitions (i.e., fertilization, compaction, blastocyst formation, germ layer formation and gastrulation), each of which must be traversed in order for the embryo to form a new individual. To successfully complete all of the necessary processes during early development, eggs and embryos must call upon many signal transduction mechanisms, cytoskeletal components, and genes that are both unique to embryogenesis and ubiquitous among many types of somatic cells. It is the goal of this review to provide some current details into the mechanisms that drive early development primarily focusing on the cytoskeletal components eggs and embryos have adapted to promote embryogenesis.

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A role for intermediate filaments in the establishment of the primitive epithelia during mammalian embryogenesis

Schwarz

Gallicano

McGaughey

et al. 1995

Mechanisms of Development

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Investigations of the cytoskeleton in mammalian eggs and embryos have revealed the existence of an unusual array of crosslinked intermediate filaments composed of cytokeratins 5, 6, 16, and 'Z' that are referred to as cytoskeletal sheets. We have been investigating the function of these cytoskeletal sheets during embryogenesis. In this investigation we report the rapid appearance of extensive arrays of tonofilaments extending across blastomeres and in association with intercellular desmosomal junctions appearing at the time the embryo hatches from its zona pellucida, through the time of implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall. Just prior to the time of gastrulation these tonofilaments disappear. Electron microscopy and immunoconfocal microscopy demonstrate that the tonofilaments are composed of cytokeratins characteristic of the type found earlier in development, that is types 5 and 6; whereas, cytokeratin type 8 which has been shown to be synthesized in blastocysts is localized primarily at perinuclear regions. Cytokeratins 8 and 18 are synthesized to about the same extent as actin at the time the tonofilaments appear whereas the synthesis of cytokeratins 5 and 6 is greatly reduced. Our results suggest that cytokeratins 5 and 6 in the tonofilaments may arise from the stored form of cytokeratins in the cytoskeletal sheets. Consequently, our results suggest that the sheets may serve as a maternal reserve of cytokeratin employed by the embryo at the time of implantation to form extensive arrays of tonofilaments in the embryo that likely provide structural integrity to the embryo as it is subjected to mechanical stress during invasion and implantation into the uterine wall.

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Ontogeny of the cytoskeleton during mammalian oogenesis

Cited by 10 publications

References 66 publications

Glucose and phosphate toxicity in hamster preimplantation embryos involves disruption of cellular organization, including distribution of active mitochondria

Glucose and phosphate toxicity in hamster preimplantation embryos involves disruption of cellular organization, including distribution of active mitochondria

Composition, regulation, and function of the cytoskeleton in mammalian eggs and embryos

A role for intermediate filaments in the establishment of the primitive epithelia during mammalian embryogenesis

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