Ontogeny of locomotion in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): I. Early postnatal ontogeny of the musculoskeletal system

Turnquist, Jean E.; Wells, James P.

doi:10.1006/jhev.1994.1029

Cited by 75 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…Relatedly, LSLC has been shown to be used at developmental stages during which limbs temporarily elongate relative to body size (Peters, 1983). This appears to be the reason why our infant female increased the frequency of LSLC walking over LSDC walking at 4.5 months of age (Table 1 and Shapiro and Raichlen, unpublished data), and most likely explains similar results reported for macaques (Nakano, 1996;Turnquist and Wells, 1994). On the other hand, raccoons and coatis both use LSLC walking, but the former have elongated limbs (McClearn, 1992) and larger hindlimb angular excursions (Larson et al, 2001) compared to the latter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: Implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates

Shapiro

Raichlen

2004

American J Phys Anthropol

101

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One of the most distinctive aspects of primate quadrupedal walking is the use of diagonal sequence footfalls in combination with diagonal-couplets interlimb timing. Numerous hypotheses have been offered to explain why primates might have evolved this type of gait, yet this important question remains unresolved. Because infant primates use a wider variety of quadrupedal gaits than do adults, they provide a natural experiment with which to test hypotheses about the evolution of unique aspects of primate quadrupedalism. In this study, we present kinematic data on two infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in order to test the recent hypothesis that diagonal sequence, diagonal couplets walking might have evolved in primates because their limb positioning provides stability in a small branch environment (Cartmill et al. [2002] Zool J Linn Soc 136:401-420). To assess hindlimb position at the moment of forelimb touchdown, we measured hindlimb angular excursion and ankle position for 84 walking strides, across three different types of gaits (diagonal sequence, diagonal couplets (DSDC); lateral sequence lateral couplets (LSLC); and lateral sequence diagonal couplets (LSDC)). Results indicate that if a forelimb were to contact an unstable substrate, LSLC walking provides as much, and perhaps more, stability when compared to DSDC walking. Therefore, it appears that this moment in a stride was unlikely to be a particularly important selective factor in the evolution of DSDC walking. Further insight into this issue will likely be gained by observations of primate quadrupedalism in natural environments, where the use of lateral sequence gaits might be more common than currently known.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: Implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates

Shapiro

Raichlen

2004

American J Phys Anthropol

101

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“…By contrast, relative hind limb SRF magnitudes tended to increase with body size, although this trend was only significant in half of the substrateby-gait conditions. Ontogenetic shifts in forelimb-hind limb peak force distribution were associated with a significant caudal translation in whole-body COM position (Young, 2008), a growthrelated phenomenon has also been observed in other primates (Turnquist and Wells, 1994;Crompton et al, 1996;Shapiro and Raichlen, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Ontogeny of joint mechanics in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis): functional implications for mammalian limb growth and locomotor development

Young

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYJuvenile animals must often compete against adults for common resources, keep pace during group travel and evade common predators, despite reduced body size and an immature musculoskeletal system. Previous morphometric studies of a diverse array of mammals, including jack rabbits, cats and capuchin monkeys, have identified growth-related changes in anatomy, such as negative allometry of limb muscle mechanical advantage, which should theoretically permit young mammals to overcome such ontogenetic limits on performance. However, it is important to evaluate the potential impact of such 'compensatory' growth trajectories within the context of developmental changes in locomotor behavior. I used standard kinematic and kinetic techniques to investigate the ontogenetic scaling of joint postures, substrate reaction forces, joint load arm lengths and external joint moments in an ontogenetic sample of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). Results indicated that young squirrel monkeys were frequently able to limit forelimb and hind limb joint loading via a combination of changes in limb posture and limb force distribution, potentially compensating for limited muscularity at younger ages. These results complement previous morphometric studies and suggest that immature mammals may utilize a combination of behavioral and anatomical mechanisms to mitigate ontogenetic limits on locomotor performance. However, ontogenetic changes in joint posture, not limb length per se, explained most of the variation in load arm lengths and joint loading in growing squirrel monkeys, indicating the importance of incorporating both anatomical and performance measures when studying the ontogeny of limb joint mechanics. Supplementary material available online at

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“…This converges with Crompton's [1983] hypothesis on locomotor skills in Galago : locomotor maturation clearly accounts for the differences in positional behaviour between adults and infants in the early stages of development. In olive baboons, the centre of mass of the limbs shifts proximally from birth to 9 months [Raichlen, 2005]; this may be correlated with locomotor independence [Raichlen, 2005;Berillon et al, in preparation], as also emphasized by Turnquist and Wells [1994] for macaques. However, although a distal mass distribution in immature infants could promote a strong grasp of the mother's hairs [Raichlen, 2005], the link between anatomical and positional change remains hypothetical; more ontogenetic data on mass distribution and locomotion are needed to fill this gap in knowledge.…”

Section: Infants Versus Adultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Bipedal Behaviour in Olive Baboons: Infants versus Adults in a Captive Environment

Druelle¹,

Bérillon²

2013

IJFP

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The olive baboon is described as a committed quadrupedal primate. However, available data show that they actually use a variety of locomotor and postural modes. Bipedalism is observed occasionally but spontaneously in captivity and in the wild. As observed in other Catarrhini, immature baboons appear to be more bipedal than adults: this study aims to provide the necessary quantitative data to support this hypothesis, as none has been available so far. The locomotor and postural repertoire was quantified for two age classes: infants beginning to forage independently, and adults. Our results show that infants appear to have a wider repertoire than adults, and bipedal postures and locomotion in infants, although infrequent, appear to distinguish them clearly from adults. In captivity, behavioural context and morphology are the two main factors that could explain age-related positional differences, given a constant ecological context.

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Ontogeny of locomotion in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): I. Early postnatal ontogeny of the musculoskeletal system

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: Implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates

Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: Implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates

Ontogeny of joint mechanics in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis): functional implications for mammalian limb growth and locomotor development

Bipedal Behaviour in Olive Baboons: Infants versus Adults in a Captive Environment

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