“…Affordance theory has been widely applied in the design of educational artifacts and digital learning tools (Dalgarno & Lee, 2010;Mavrikis, Noss, Hoyles, & Geraniou, 2012). An increasing number of educational technology researchers have explored various information and communication technologies (ICTs) related interventions to uncover the mechanisms of how the affordances of educational technologies could be used to facilitate learning engagement (Willis, Davis, & Chaplin, 2013) and performances improvement (Limperos, Buckner, Kaufmann, & Frisby, 2015). For example, based on affordance enrichment perspective, Weidlich and Bastiaens (2019) designed an online learning environment that affords social presence to improve learning performance, which significantly improved learners' satisfaction and learning achievement.…”