Online Learning Algorithm for Time Series Forecasting Suitable for Low Cost Wireless Sensor Networks Nodes

Abstract

Time series forecasting is an important predictive methodology which can be applied to a wide range of problems. Particularly, forecasting the indoor temperature permits an improved utilization of the HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems in a home and thus a better energy efficiency. With such purpose the paper describes how to implement an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm in a low cost system-on-chip to develop an autonomous intelligent wireless sensor network. The present paper uses a Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to monitor and forecast the indoor temperature in a smart home, based on low resources and cost microcontroller technology as the 8051MCU. An on-line learning approach, based on Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm for ANNs, has been developed for real-time time series learning. It performs the model training with every new data that arrive to the system, without saving enormous quantities of data to create a historical database as usual, i.e., without previous knowledge. Consequently to validate the approach a simulation study through a Bayesian baseline model have been tested in order to compare with a database of a real application aiming to see the performance and accuracy. The core of the paper is a new algorithm, based on the BP one, which has been described in detail, and the challenge was how to implement a computational demanding algorithm in a simple architecture with very few hardware resources.

A Review of the Recent Developments in Integrating Machine Learning Models with Sensor Devices in the Smart Buildings Sector with a View to Attaining Enhanced Sensing, Energy Efficiency, and Optimal Building Management

“…A total of 45.5% of the scientific articles summarized in Table S10, presented in the Supplementary Materials file, analyzed smart buildings in general; the same percentage of papers considered smart homes, while the remaining 9% analyzed both smart homes and smart buildings. The authors of these scientific papers make use of different types of sensors in their analyses, including sensors for registering the electricity consumption [22]; Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) [23,45,96]; Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors or motion detectors [75,97]; smart metering systems and sensors installed by the residential consumer, corresponding to 15 individual appliances [95]; weather sensors [12]; flowmeter sensors [43]; temperature sensors, external humidity sensors, solar radiation sensors [98]; thermal sensors [2]; and door/window entry point sensors, electricity power usage sensors, bed/sofa pressure sensors, and flood sensors [75].…”

Estimating the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network Nodes through the Use of Embedded Analytical Battery Models

“…Authors use three different platforms (ARM, MSP430 and AVR ATmega128) to evaluate the processing time of the algorithms. Pardo et al [28] implemented an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm upon a low-cost chip (CC1110F32) for the purpose of developing autonomous intelligent WSNs to monitor and forecast the indoor temperature in smart homes. The authors were concerned with memory consumption and the use of computational resources, with the main objective of evaluating the feasibility of the implementation.…”

Knowledge engineering and management contributions for scientific research in the thermal smart energy context

“…An online learning algorithm is proposed by Pardo et al (2015). That work uses low cost wireless sensor networks nodes and artificial neural network back-propagation algorithm.…”