“…Examples of adaptive optimization systems include HotSpot virtual machine [64] from Sun (now Oracle), Jikes RVM [65] from IBM, and Open Runtime Platform (ORP) [66] from Intel Corporation. To identify hot-spots, researchers have proposed to use online hardware profiling mechanisms such as counters and samplings [67][68][69][70][71], or to use program instrumentation [72][73][74][75][76][77][78], combined instrumentation and sampling [79][80][81], or coupled offline and online profiling [82]. To further improve adaptive optimization, a number of techniques have been developed; for example, recompilation [83], deferred and partial compilation [84][85][86], and dynamic deoptimization [87].…”