Online experimentation and sampling in cognitive aging research.

Greene, Nathaniel R.; Naveh–Benjamin, Moshe

doi:10.1037/pag0000655

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…These results are unlikely to be attributable to the online nature of the study. Paralleling earlier papers showing similar results across laboratory and Amazon Mechanical Turk samples (see Buhrmester et al, 2018 for review), research is now emerging showing similar adult age effects across in-person and online samples (e.g., Greene & Naveh-Benjamin, 2022;Seaman et al, 2021). Furthermore, we found an age difference in the sunk cost fallacy using our online sample, replicating a standard effect found in laboratory samples (Strough et al, 2008;Strough et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Heuristic Decision Making Across Adulthood

Taylor

Marsh²,

Samanez-Larkin

2022

Preprint

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Research on aging and decision making reveals that older adults often rely on simple strategies when choosing among a set of alternatives, but less work has examined the use of simple strategies that are adaptive, namely classic decision-making heuristics. For example, younger adults rely on the availability of information from memory when judging the relative frequency of plane crashes versus car accidents. Yet, few published studies investigate how reliance on heuristics may differ across adulthood, with the exception of the sunk cost fallacy, where older adults are less susceptible to the bias than younger adults. In the current study, participants aged 20 to 90 years old made judgments that could be answered by relying on five different heuristics: anchoring, availability, recognition, representativeness, and sunk cost bias. We found no evidence of age-related differences in the use of the classic heuristics — younger and older adults employed anchoring, availability, recognition, and representativeness to equal degrees in order to make decisions. However, replicating past work, we found age-related differences in the sunk cost bias — older adults were more likely to avoid this fallacy compared to younger adults. We explain these different patterns by drawing on the distinctive roles stored knowledge and personal experience likely play across heuristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Heuristic Decision Making Across Adulthood

Taylor

Marsh²,

Samanez-Larkin

2022

Preprint

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“…We recruited older adults online using the crowdsourcing platform Prolific. However, many questions still remain about the diversity of older adults who participate in online studies (Greene & Naveh-Benjamin, 2022a). Indeed, in the present study, the older adults all identified as White, so we cannot ascertain whether similar patterns of results would be obtained with older adults of different races.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult age differences in specific and gist associative episodic memory across short- and long-term retention intervals.

Greene¹,

Naveh–Benjamin²

2022

Psychology and Aging

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Age-related deficits in associative episodic memory have been widely reported, but recent research suggests that some of these deficits occur for highly specific but not gist representations. It remains undetermined whether older adults' deficits in specific associative episodic memory, observed in long-term memory, are also present in short-term memory. We used a continuous associative recognition task to address this question. Fifty young and 50 older adults studied face-scene pairs, with memory tests occurring in both short-term and long-term memory. Memory tests featured intact (old) pairs, related (similar) pairs, and unrelated (dissimilar) pairs. On short-term memory tests, older adults were less accurate in classifying related pairs, which was manifest by age-related reductions in the probability of retrieving specific memory to engage in recollection rejection. However, older adults were capable of remembering specific details in short-term memory for intact probes but were less likely to remember specific details in long-term memory. Finally, older adults were always as capable as younger adults of remembering gist details. Results suggest that older adults do at least partially encode specific representations in short-term memory, and their access to these specific representations is cue dependent-they can do so when there is a large correspondence between encoding and retrieval conditions but are less likely to engage in deeper elaboration at retrieval. This limits their ability to remember specific details of associations to suppress false recognitions in short-term memory and to engage in veridical recognition in long-term memory. Public Significance StatementAdult aging is associated with a loss of memory for specific details of past experiences, yet little is known about how quickly older adults forget specific representations in episodic memory. The present study shows that older adults exhibit some losses in the ability to remember specific details of past episodes almost immediately after encountering those episodes. At the same time, given the right retrieval cues in short-term memory, older adults can successfully remember some specific details of a recently encoded episode as well as younger adults. Moreover, older adults can successfully remember past episodes at gist levels of representation in both short-and long-term memory.

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“…We would like to note that the demographic composition of our younger and older adult samples may be a potential limitation of the present work (see Dupree & Kraus, 2022, for a discussion of the potential impacts of demographic information on psychological science; see also Greene & Naveh-Benjamin, 2022, for how online sampling of older adults may influence research findings); future research could examine the effects of interference in value-based memory in other populations and using different sampling procedures. Additionally, although more older adults admitted to cheating (e.g., writing down words to prevent forgetting) in a posttask questionnaire and were excluded, particularly in Experiment 2, it is possible that older adults did not cheat more than younger adults; rather, they may have been more forthcoming about their cheating (as previous work suggests that older adults tend to be more honest than young adults; see O'Connor et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of proactive and retroactive interference in value-directed remembering for younger and older adults.

Murphy¹,

Castel²

2022

Psychology and Aging

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We are often presented with more information than we can remember, and we must selectively focus on the most valuable information to maximize memory utility. Most tests of value-based memory involve encoding and then being tested on a list of recently studied information. Thus, people are focused on memory for the current list and are encouraged to forget information from earlier lists. However, prior learning can influence later memory, in both interfering and beneficial ways, and there may be age-related differences in how younger and older adults are influenced by the costs and benefits of prior learning and interference. In the present study, we presented younger and older adults with words paired with point values to remember for a later test but rather than asking participants to only recall words from the juststudied list, participants were asked to recall all studied words on each recall test. Results revealed that younger adults were more likely to recall words from previous lists than older adults, indicating that older adults were more susceptible to retroactive interference. Moreover, although selectivity is often preserved in older adults when study-test cycles are independent, a buildup of proactive interference arising from previously studied words reduced memory selectivity in older adults. Thus, when presented with more information than one can remember, younger adults are better at combating interference and recalling valuable information, while older adults may engage in selective forgetting of prior lists to enhance a "present-focused" form of memory, possibly as a result of impaired inhibitory control. Public Significance StatementWhen presented with more information than one can remember, younger adults are better at combating interference and recalling valuable information, while older adults may engage in selective forgetting of previously learned information to enhance a "present-focused" form of memory.

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Online experimentation and sampling in cognitive aging research.

Cited by 24 publications

References 60 publications

Heuristic Decision Making Across Adulthood

Heuristic Decision Making Across Adulthood

Adult age differences in specific and gist associative episodic memory across short- and long-term retention intervals.

Differential effects of proactive and retroactive interference in value-directed remembering for younger and older adults.

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