Online Biogenic Carbon Analysis Enables Refineries to Reduce Carbon Footprint during Coprocessing Biomass- and Petroleum-Derived Liquids

Abstract

To mitigate green-house gas (GHG) emissions, governments around the world are enacting legislation to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels. Coprocessing biomass and petroleum-derived liquids in existing refineries is a near-term, cost-effective approach for introducing renewable carbon in fuels and enabling refineries to meet regulatory mandates. However, coprocessing biomass-derived liquids in refineries results in variable degrees of biogenic carbon incorporation, necessitating accurate quantification to verify compliance with mandates. Existing refinery control and instrumentation systems lack the means to measure renewable carbon accurately, reliably, and quickly. Thus, accurate measurement of biogenic carbon is key to ensuring refineries meet regulatory mandates. In this Perspective, we present existing methods for measuring biogenic carbon, point out their challenges, and discuss the need for new online analytical capabilities to measure biogenic carbon in fuel intermediates.

Surface Properties and Liquid Crystal Properties of Alkyltetra(oxyethyl) β-d-Glucopyranoside

“…There are reasons to believe that they have potential applications in the commercial formulations of biotechnology, membrane protein separation, biomedicine, food, cosmetics, self-assembly, and so on. Despite promising advantages, further in-depth research should be needed to explore thoroughly specific and meaningful practical application solutions related to preparation, eco-environmental issue, , economic benefit, reconstruction, and technology progress due to their unique structure and multifaceted performance to the perspective of supervision and management.…”

“…Driven by the green concept of peaking global carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality by midcentury, surfactants synthesized from natural raw materials have no doubt become popular as ecologically suitable alternatives to their synthetic counterparts derived from petrochemical resources in the context of increasing the global awareness and social consciousness about carbon footprint, eco-environmental issues, and human safety. , Among them, alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) are well-known green and environmentally friendly nonionic surfactants that can be easily synthesized from renewable raw materials such as glucose and xylose hydrolyzed from agricultural waste and corn, and as well natural fatty alcohols. , Compared with traditional surfactants, nonionic sugar-based surfactants APGs and alkyl glycosides (AGs) with 1,2-cis or 1,2-trans anomeric pure have excellent industrial applications and medicine since they have conspicuous surface activity, desirable biodegradability, antifungal activity, no to low cytotoxicity/irritancy, and satisfactory biocompatibility and less negative impact on the environmental microorganism . In addition, it is noteworthy that the structures of such an emerging broad class of glycosurfactants are very diverse, and its attractive characteristics could be facilely adjusted by changing the sugar headgroup or nonpolar tail.…”

Optimization of the direct LSC method for determination of biogenic component in liquids by applying 14C

“…Renewable sources include various biofuels and advanced biofuels, as well as fuels from non-biogenic materials/sources. A promising alternative is co-processing of biogenic and petroleum derived liquids in the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) in commercial oil refineries [2][3][4]. Production of various components of biogenic origin and their admixture with fossil fuels and incentives for use of bio-components initiated development of methods for accurate and precise quantification of the fraction of biogenic component in liquid fuels.…”

“…Radiocarbon methods based on various concentration of radiocarbon ( 14 C) in biogenic and fossil fuels has been proved to be one of the most accurate and reliable methods of biogenic fraction determination and the only method that directly quantifies the carbon of recent biological origin in a material [5][6][7]. The 14 C method can be successfully applied for determination of biogenic component in any type of samples and by different measurement techniques, such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), liquid scintillation counting with benzene synthesis (LSC-B), liquid scintillation counting with absorption of CO 2 (LSC-A) [3,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, these classical radiocarbon techniques, used for dating purposes mainly, can be expensive and time consuming although applicable to all kinds of material (solid, liquid, gaseous) [3,5,7].…”

Room-temperature quantification of $^{14}$CO$_{2}$ below the natural abundance with two-color cavity ring-down spectroscopy

“…(9)(10)(11) While scientists continue to find new applications using 14 C, the size, cost, and complexity of AMS limit these endeavors, particularly for high-throughput and fieldwork measurements. (10)(11)(12)(13) This has spurred the development of alternative and more accessible means of 14 C detection.…”