“…Several studies have evaluated the amount of time spent by librarians on patron interactions in a variety of formats ( Attebury et al, 2009 ; Gale & Evans, 2007 ; Lederer & Feldmann, 2012 ; Spencer & Dorsey, 1998 ; Yi, 2003 ). Time spent is often a particularly important measure when determining whether a reference service or initiative can scale, although use of scheduling tools, patron-initiated appointment models, and other management strategies can mitigate workload problems associated with interaction length or improve otherwise improve scalability by decreasing some of the logistical burdens on librarians ( Cole & Reiter, 2017 ; Hess, 2014 ; Hoskisson & Wentz, 2001 ; Newton & Feinberg, 2020 ; Reiter & Cole, 2019 ). Magi and Mardeusz (2013) note that individual research consultations increase the likelihood that interactions based on complex or difficult questions will be rewarding because they “give students and librarians more time and space” compared to more perfunctory exchanges in person or online.…”