Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July – August 2010

Papa, Anna; Danis, Kostas; Baka, A; Bakas, A; Δουγάς, Γεώργιος; Lytras, Theodore; Theocharopoulos, George; Chrysagis, D; Vassiliadou, E; Kamaria, F.; Liona, Aikaterini; Mellou, Kassiani; Saroglou, George; Panagiotopoulos, Takis

doi:10.2807/ese.15.34.19644-en

Cited by 157 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In the Mediterranean basin, outbreaks of WNV infection in recent years have been reported in France (2004and 2006), Italy (2008, 2009), Morocco (2010, Spain (2010) (www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home) and Greece (Papa et al, 2010). In Portugal, the first evidence of WNV circulation was documented in 1971 when the virus was isolated (Filipe and de Andrade, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal

Barros

Ramos

Fagulha

et al. 2011

Veterinary Microbiology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal

Barros

Ramos

Fagulha

et al. 2011

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…Papa et al [74] noted that increased rainfall and humidity (together with high temperatures) have probably favoured the multiplication of Culex species, leading to the occurrence of numerous cases of WNV infection in humans in Central Macedonia in summer Table 2. The main climatic change observations (temperature and precipitation) in the study areas and their impacts on WNV transmission.…”

Section: (B) Climate Change Impact On West Nile Virus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context

Paz

2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

208

140

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West Nile virus (WNV), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance. The transmission cycle exists in rural and urban areas where the virus infects birds, humans, horses and other mammals. Multiple factors impact the transmission and distribution of WNV, related to the dynamics and interactions between pathogen, vector, vertebrate hosts and environment. Hence, among other drivers, weather conditions have direct and indirect influences on vector competence (the ability to acquire, maintain and transmit the virus), on the vector population dynamic and on the virus replication rate within the mosquito, which are mostly weather dependent. The importance of climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and winds) as drivers in WNV epidemiology is increasing under conditions of climate change. Indeed, recent changes in climatic conditions, particularly increased ambient temperature and fluctuations in rainfall amounts, contributed to the maintenance (endemization process) of WNV in various locations in southern Europe, western Asia, the eastern Mediterranean, the Canadian Prairies, parts of the USA and Australia. As predictions show that the current trends are expected to continue, for better preparedness, any assessment of future transmission of WNV should take into consideration the impacts of climate change.

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“…One of the earliest reports of WNV infection occurred in a 12-year-old police horse in Egypt in 1959 (Murgue et al 2002). Since then, WNV outbreaks in humans, birds and horses have been reported in Greece, Hungary, Spain, and central Europe (Papa et al 2010, Kutasi et al 2011, Lopez et al 2011, Bakonyi et al 2013. In sub-Saharan Africa, WNV activity in horses has been documented in Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Djibouti (Cabre et al 2006), whereas in South Africa, diagnosis and seroprevalence studies of WNV in horses have been reported (Venter et al 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Seroprevelance of West Nile Virus Antibodies Observed in Horses from Southwestern Nigeria

Sule

Oluwayelu

Adedokun

et al. 2015

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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To investigate exposure of Nigerian horses to West Nile virus (WNV), we determined the seroprevalence rate of anti-WNV antibody in a cohort of 145 horses. Serum samples were collected from three locations in southwestern Nigeria between October, 2011, and July, 2012. The horses were asymptomatic and unvaccinated against WNV at the time of sampling. All sera were tested using a competition enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA. High rates of anti-WNV antibody prevalence were observed in all locations with a mean level of 90.3% (95% confidence interval 84.3-94.6%). None of the horses had detectable anti-WNV IgM. This is the first ELISA-based report of WNV seroprevalence in Nigerian horses and suggests that WNV is enzootic in the study areas, indicating a potential risk of infection in humans and animals.

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Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July – August 2010

Cited by 157 publications

References 30 publications

Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal

Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal

Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context

High Seroprevelance of West Nile Virus Antibodies Observed in Horses from Southwestern Nigeria

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