Ongoing measles and rubella transmission in Georgia, 2004-05: implications for the national and regional elimination efforts

Doshi, Sucheta; Khetsuriani, Nino; Zakhashvili, Khatuna; Baidoshvili, L; Imnadze, Paata; Uzicanin, Amra

doi:10.1093/ije/dyn261

Cited by 23 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For measles, we analysed all cases reported during the period after the serosurveythe post-outbreak period of 2016-2017 and the outbreak year of 2018. For rubella, we analysed cases from 2013-2017, the entire period for which case-based data were available 4 , because many fewer cases were reported and year-to-year variations in incidence were not substantial. Because of concerns about the high proportion of clinically compatible rubella cases and low reliability of clinical diagnosis, a separate analysis was also done for rubella cases confirmed by laboratory testing or epidemiological linkage to laboratory-confirmed cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles and rubella seroprevalence among adults in Georgia in 2015: helping guide the elimination efforts

et al. 2019

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A large-scale measles outbreak (11 495 reported cases, 60% aged ≥15 years) occurred in Georgia during 2013–2015. A nationwide, multistage, stratified cluster serosurvey for hepatitis B and C among persons aged ≥18 years conducted in Georgia in late 2015 provided an opportunity to assess measles and rubella (MR) susceptibility after the outbreak. Residual specimens from 3125 participants aged 18–50 years were tested for Immunoglobulin G antibodies against MR using ELISA. Nationwide, 6.3% (95% CI 4.9%–7.6%) of the surveyed population were seronegative for measles and 8.6% (95% CI 7.1%–10.1%) were seronegative for rubella. Measles susceptibility was highest among 18–24 year-olds (10.1%) and declined with age to 1.2% among 45–50 year-olds (P < 0.01). Susceptibility to rubella was highest among 25–29 year-olds (15.3%), followed by 18–24 year-olds (11.6%) and 30–34 year-olds (10.2%), and declined to <5% among persons aged ≥35 years (P < 0.001). The susceptibility profiles in the present serosurvey were consistent with the epidemiology of recent MR cases and the history of the immunization programme. Measles susceptibility levels >10% among 18–24 year-olds in Georgia revealed continued risk for outbreaks among young adults. High susceptibility to rubella among 18–34 year-olds indicates a continuing risk for congenital rubella cases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles and rubella seroprevalence among adults in Georgia in 2015: helping guide the elimination efforts

et al. 2019

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“…For example, Georgia experienced a measles and rubella outbreak in 2004 with 5151 and 8391 cases of rubella and measles, respectively. Importantly, 88% of rubella cases and 41% of measles cases were not vaccinated in this study (7). Similarly, Japan experienced 2 measles outbreaks in 2001 and 2007, in which the main reason was low vaccination coverage of measles (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Vaccination coverage rates for measles should be more than 90% to interrupt the virus transmission as it is highly contagious and a small number of vaccinated people may not achieve immunity (5). As a result, the world has witnessed several measles outbreaks despite routine immunization programs by two-dose or low coverage of vaccine (1,7). For example, Georgia experienced a measles and rubella outbreak in 2004 with 5151 and 8391 cases of rubella and measles, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, previous studies have shown that achieving and sustaining coverage of > 95% with two doses of vaccine is essential to ensure high mass immunity in each region and reaching the goal of elimination of measles by the world health organization (7,9). Therefore, most countries have been providing a 'second opportunity' for measles vaccination (5) such that the national supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) have been considered as a strategic key to increase immunity levels in target populations and to eliminate measles in the entire or large regions (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey on Measles and Rubella Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) in Iran

et al. 2017

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Background: Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) have been considered as a strategic key towards elimination of measles and rubella. This study aimed at identifying the coverage of vaccination in target population children. Methods: The study was carried out in South-East of Iran on a total of 6838 randomly selected children. Information was collected by trained interviewers using a validated questionnaire. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics (i.e. frequencies and percentages) and 95% confidence interval. Results: Overall, 98.7% of children were vaccinated during SIAs campaign. Vaccination cards were available for about two-thirds of the participants at the time of home visits while 95.3% of them reportedly received an immunization card. Refusal to vaccinate (31%), not informed (24.2%), children being sick (22.4%), and travel (20.2%) were the main reasons for not vaccinating children (n = 86) during the campaign. The main sites for vaccination were school (46.5%) and health centers (46.4%). Fever (44.8%) and severe pain at the injection site (36.2%) were reported as the most frequent complications by the study participants. Prevention of measles and rubella (66.6%) and health staff recommendations (31.4%) were the main vaccination incentives. Conclusions: To sum up, Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) are a good approach towards high coverage of immunization and attain measles and rubella elimination.

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“…However, outbreaks of disease continue to occur in the United States and worldwide due to vaccine failure, declining immunization rates, and waning immunity (2,3,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Bio-Rad BioPlex Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella-Zoster Virus IgG Multiplex Bead Immunoassay

Binnicker

Jespersen

Rollins

2011

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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The goal of this study was to compare the BioPlex 2200 measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster virus (MMRV) IgG multiplex assays (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) to routine testing by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Serum specimens (n ‫؍‬ 500) submitted to our reference laboratory for routine MMRV IgG testing by EIA were also tested by the BioPlex assays. Following testing, the BioPlex measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster virus assays demonstrated agreements of 91.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.8% to 93.7%), 94.2% (95% CI, 91.7% to 95.7%), 94.4% (95% CI, 92.0% to 96.1%), and 91.8% (95% CI, 89.0% to 93.9%), respectively, compared to the results of EIA. Timing studies showed that the BioPlex MMRV assay could provide complete analysis of 100 serum specimens in 1.7 h, compared to 5.5 h by EIA. These data indicate that the BioPlex MMRV IgG assays exhibit comparable performance (93% overall agreement [1,860/2,000 results];‫؍‬ 0.67) to routine testing by EIA. The BioPlex assays allow for the simultaneous detection of all four analytes, thereby eliminating potential aliquot errors and reducing turnaround time.The incidence of disease caused by measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster virus (MMRV) has been significantly reduced in developed countries due to the implementation of effective immunization programs (1, 6). However, outbreaks of disease continue to occur in the United States and worldwide due to vaccine failure, declining immunization rates, and waning immunity (2, 3, 5).Laboratory testing for IgG class antibodies to MMRV plays an important role in the management of patients and health care workers. For example, testing for IgG class antibodies to rubella virus is routinely performed during the prenatal period (7), and detection of rubella IgG during the first trimester indicates that the mother is protected from primary infection. Furthermore, immunocompromised hosts (e.g., transplant recipients) are commonly screened for immunity to varicella, which may cause devastating disease in the immunosuppressed population if a primary infection occurs (8).Until recently, most clinical laboratories have used methods such as indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) for the detection of IgG class antibodies to MMRV. These methods have demonstrated reliable performance; however, they are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and, in the case of IFA, subjective. In addition, these conventional methods require four separate assays to test for IgG class antibodies to MMRV, thereby increasing sample volume requirements as well as hands-on time. These limitations have led to the recent development of multiplex flow immunoassay (MFI) technology, which allows for multiple analytes (e.g., antibodies) to be detected in a single reaction.The Bio-Rad BioPlex MMRV IgG assays (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) recently received FDA approval for the simultaneous detection of IgG class antibodies to MMRV in human serum or EDTA/heparinized plasma sample...

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Ongoing measles and rubella transmission in Georgia, 2004-05: implications for the national and regional elimination efforts

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Measles and rubella seroprevalence among adults in Georgia in 2015: helping guide the elimination efforts

Measles and rubella seroprevalence among adults in Georgia in 2015: helping guide the elimination efforts

A survey on Measles and Rubella Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) in Iran

Evaluation of the Bio-Rad BioPlex Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella-Zoster Virus IgG Multiplex Bead Immunoassay

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