Ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in Europe

Barzon, Luisa

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2018.08.007

Cited by 101 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…This is of concern especially in areas of co‐circulation of two or more flaviviruses (García‐Bocanegra et al, ). Whereas TBEV is known since decades to be endemic in many parts of Europe, WNV has emerged more recently (Bakonyi et al, ; Barzon, ) and its activity has dramatically increased during the last decade, with large outbreaks in humans and horses reported each year (Bakonyi et al, ). Case numbers in affected areas vary each year; however, in 2018 high numbers were reported from Northern Italy, Greece, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Austria (Aberle et al, ; Haussig et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific detection and differentiation of tick‐borne encephalitis and West Nile virus induced IgG antibodies in humans and horses

Rockstroh

Moges

Berneck

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are important arthropod-borne zoonotic flaviviruses. Due to the emergence of WNV in TBEV-endemic regions co-circulation of both viruses is increasing. Flaviviruses are structurally highly similar, which leads to cross-reacting antibodies upon infection. Currently available serological assays for TBEV and WNV infections are therefore compromised by false-positive results, especially in IgG measurements. In order to discriminate both infections novel diagnostic methods are needed. We describe an ELISA to measure IgG antibodies specific for TBEV and WNV, applicable to human and horse sera. Mutant envelope proteins were generated, that lack conserved parts of the fusion loop domain, a predominant target for cross-reacting antibodies. These were incubated with equine and human sera with known TBEV, WNV or other flavivirus infections. For WNV IgG, specificities and sensitivities were 100% and 87.9%, respectively, for horse sera, and 94.4% and 92.5%, respectively, for human sera. TBEV IgG was detected with specificities and sensitivities of 95% and 96.7%, respectively, in horses, and 98.9% and 100%, respectively, in humans. Specificities increased to 100% by comparing individual samples on both antigens. The antigens could form the basis for serological TBEV-and WNV-assays with improved specificities. K E Y W O R D Scross-reactivity, ELISA, serology, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, zoonoses

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific detection and differentiation of tick‐borne encephalitis and West Nile virus induced IgG antibodies in humans and horses

Rockstroh

Moges

Berneck

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…USUV is classified into eight lineages with two major African and European groups 206 . USUV shares the same mosquito vectors (for example, Culex pipiens) with WNV and similar bird populations as amplifying hosts, and the two viruses can co-circulate 207 . Initially isolated in 1959 in South Africa, USUV appeared in 1996 in Italy (based on retrospective analysis of archived tissues) and in Central Europe in 2001, where it was associated with deaths in selected avian populations 208 .…”

Section: Spondweni Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Pierson

Diamond²

2020

Nat Microbiol

668

627

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F laviviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses vectored principally by arthropods that cause severe illnesses in humans. The extensive global spread and epidemic transmission of flaviviruses during the last seven decades has been remarkable. The mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENV) infect an estimated 400 million humans each year; more than a quarter of the world's population lives in areas where DENV is now endemic 1 . By comparison, only sporadic DENV epidemics were documented before the Second World War 2 . The introductions of West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses into the Western Hemisphere was followed by rapid geographical spread, large numbers of human infections and considerable morbidity 3,4 . Ongoing yellow fever virus (YFV) transmission and its encroachment on urban environments, despite the existence of an effective vaccine, poses a serious public health challenge 5-7 . Other flaviviruses present ongoing health risks or are beginning to emerge in different parts of the world, including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Usutu virus (USUV).The epidemic potential of flaviviruses reflects many factors related to the unique characteristics of their insect vectors, the consequences of poorly planned urbanization that creates ideal arthropod breeding habitats, the geographical expansion of vectors, changing environmental conditions and extensive global travel 8,9 . Beyond arthropods and humans, flaviviruses are also known to infect a wide array of animal species and can be important veterinary pathogens that threaten economically important domesticated animals 10-14 . These vertebrate animal hosts may constitute important stable reservoirs and contribute to defining conditions that support the introduction of new viral species and transmission among humans 15 . The continued threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence highlights a need for a detailed fundamental understanding of the biology of these viruses, the immune responses that can contain them and the possible countermeasures that can blunt their impact on public health should new outbreaks occur. Flavivirus structure and replicationFlaviviruses are small (~50 nm) spherical virus particles that incorporate a single genomic RNA of positive-sense polarity encoding three structural and seven non-structural proteins (Fig. 1a). Our knowledge of the biology of flaviviruses has advanced considerably with the availability of high-resolution structures of viral structural proteins and of virions at different stages of the replication cycle or in complex with antibodies or host factors 16 . Crystal structures of the enzymatic non-structural proteins also have been solved, accelerating advances in an understanding of virus replication and pathogenesis [17][18][19] and enabling structure-guided drug discovery, as reviewed elsewhere 20 .Virion structure and morphogenesis. Flaviviruses are assembled using three viral structural proteins (C, prM and E), a host lipid envelope and the viral genomic RNA. The structure of ...

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“…West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes among a variety of bird species [1]. Humans are dead-end hosts, incidentally infected through a mosquito bite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Findings

Pacenti

Sinigaglia

Franchin

et al. 2020

Viruses

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West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 is expanding and causing large outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and virological features of WNV lineage 2 infection during the large outbreak that occurred in northern Italy in 2018. The study population included 86 patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND), 307 with fever (WNF), and 34 blood donors. Phylogenetic analysis of WNV full genome sequences from patients’ samples showed that the virus belonged to the widespread central/southern European clade of WNV lineage 2 and was circulating in the area at least since 2014. The incidence of WNND and WNF progressively increased with age and was higher in males than in females. Among WNND patients, the case fatality rate was 22%. About 70% of blood donors reported symptoms during follow-up. Within the first week after symptom onset, WNV RNA was detectable in the blood or urine of 80% of patients, while 20% and 40% of WNND and WNF patients, respectively, were WNV IgM-seronegative. In CSF samples of WNND patients, WNV RNA was typically detectable when WNV IgM antibodies were absent. Blunted or no WNV IgM response and high WNV IgG levels were observed in seven patients with previous flavivirus immunity.

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Ongoing and emerging arbovirus threats in Europe

Cited by 101 publications

References 104 publications

Specific detection and differentiation of tick‐borne encephalitis and West Nile virus induced IgG antibodies in humans and horses

Specific detection and differentiation of tick‐borne encephalitis and West Nile virus induced IgG antibodies in humans and horses

The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses

Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Findings

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