One‐year calorie restriction impacts gut microbial composition but not its metabolic performance in obese adolescents

Abstract

Recent evidence has disclosed a connection between gut microbial glycosidase activity and adiposity in obese. Here, we measured microbial α-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities and sorted fluorescently labeled β-galactosidase containing (βGAL) microorganisms in faecal samples of eight lean and thirteen obese adolescents that followed a controlled calorie restriction program during one year. β-galactosidase is a highly distributed functional trait, mainly expressed by members of Blautia, Bacteroides, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Propionibacterium. Only long-term calorie restriction induced clear changes in the microbiota of obese adolescents. Long-term calorie restriction induced significant shifts in total and βGAL gut microbiota, reducing the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and enhancing the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as Bacteroides, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Clostridium XIVa. Moreover, the structure and composition of βGAL community in obese after long-term calorie restriction was highly similar to that of lean adolescents. However, despite this high compositional similarity, microbial metabolic performance was different, split in two metabolic states at a body mass index value of 25. Our study shows that calorie restriction is a strong environmental force reshaping gut microbiota though its metabolic performance is linked to host's adiposity, suggesting that functional redundancy and metabolic plasticity are fundamental properties of gut microbial ecosystem.

Dietary Tryptophan Restriction Dose‐Dependently Modulates Energy Balance, Gut Hormones, and Microbiota in Obesity‐Prone Rats

“…The reduction in Enterobacteriaceae is consistent with a previous report that tryptophan depletion decreased Escherichia Coli nucleic acid synthesis by 25% (38). The reduction in Bacteroides and Clostridium coccoides in our study was very likely a specific effect of tryptophan deficiency, and not secondary to tryptophan-induced hypophagia, because caloric restriction has been to shown to increase Bacteroides in humans (39). In contrast to our data, a recent study reported that fecal concentrations of Bacteroidetes RC9 and Clostridiales were increased by 90% tryptophan restriction in mice (20).…”

Gut microbial functional maturation and succession during human early life

“…E). This result is in line with the hypothesis suggesting that gut microbiota is assembled around a between‐subject more conserved consortium of biologically active microorganisms (Turnbaugh et al ., ; Burke et al ., ; Huttenhower et al ., ; Franzosa et al ., ; Moya and Ferrer, ; Ruiz et al ., ). We used LEfSe, a tool for metagenomic biomarker discovery (Segata et al ., ) to further explore age‐associated shifts in total and functional gut microbiota.…”

“…Further analysis revealed the succession of metabolic functions between taxa in these mutually exclusive consortia, suggesting a high level of functional redundancy between taxa (Moya and Ferrer, 2016;Ruiz et al, 2017). Taxa within Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae constituted a functional consortium responsible for an important proportion of amino acid, carbohydrate, coenzyme, energy, inorganic, nucleotide and secondary metabolisms in 6-months microbiota (Fig.…”

“…Full description of discriminant genera is shown in Supporting Information Table S5. conserved consortium of biologically active microorganisms (Turnbaugh et al, 2009;Burke et al, 2011;Huttenhower et al, 2012;Franzosa et al, 2014;Moya and Ferrer, 2016;Ruiz et al, 2017). We used LEfSe, a tool for metagenomic biomarker discovery (Segata et al, 2011) to further explore age-associated shifts in total and functional gut microbiota.…”

Chronic water insufficiency induced kidney damage and energy dysregulation despite reduced food intake, which improved gut microbiota in female rats

“…Calorie restrictive diets generally reduce the butyrate-producing bacteria such as Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium species [39]. The changes in gut microbiota resulting from calorie restriction are similar to those induced by bariatric surgery in experimental animals and humans [39,40]. Calorie restriction and bariatric surgery modulate bile acid metabolism to increase circulating bile acid concentrations and reduced the secondary bile acid production.…”