“…It was qanun ("law," "code"). Mustashar al-Dowleh was born in Tabriz on the border of the Russian and Ottoman empires and had an early Quranic education (Mehrdad Kia 1994;Seyed-Gohrab and McGlinn 2010;Tabatabai 2013aTabatabai , 2013b. He had an intimate knowledge of the emerging nation's social and political crises, including the lack of medical, transportation, and military technologies and its general subjugation and territorial concessions to Russia in the north and to the British in India to the east.…”