One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running

Steward, Charles J; Zhou, Yue; Keane, Gary; Cook, Matthew D.; Liu, Yunyi; Cullen, Tom

doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04238-y

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…, 44, 46, 50, 59-62, 65-67, 70, 72-75, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87-90, 92, 121, 134-183] and DOMS[8,15,38,58,60,66,71,75,84,89,135,151,156,159,171,178,179,182,[184][185][186][187][188] peak from 24 to 48 h post-DR. Immediately post DR, a greater reduction in isometric MVC force/torque is observed in untrained (mean: − 23.5%; 95% CI: [− 26.9% to − 17.2%] compared to trained populations (− 16.4%; 95% CI: [ − 19.5% to -12.3%]).…”

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confidence: 99%

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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Downhill running (DR) is a whole-body exercise model that is used to investigate the physiological consequences of eccentric muscle actions and/or exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). In a sporting context, DR sections can be part of running disciplines (off-road and road running) and can accentuate EIMD, leading to a reduction in performance. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) better inform on the acute and delayed physiological effects of DR; (2) identify and discuss, using a comprehensive approach, the DR characteristics that affect the physiological responses to DR and their potential interactions; (3) provide the current state of evidence on preventive and in-situ strategies to better adapt to DR. Key findings of this review show that DR may have an impact on exercise performance by altering muscle structure and function due to EIMD. In the majority of studies, EIMD are assessed through isometric maximal voluntary contraction, blood creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness, with DR characteristics (slope, exercise duration, and running speed) acting as the main influencing factors. In previous studies, the median (25th percentile, Q1; 75th percentile, Q3) slope, exercise duration, and running speed were − 12% (− 15%; − 10%), 40 min (30 min; 45 min) and 11.3 km h−1 (9.8 km h−1; 12.9 km h−1), respectively. Regardless of DR characteristics, people the least accustomed to DR generally experienced the most EIMD. There is growing evidence to suggest that preventive strategies that consist of prior exposure to DR are the most effective to better tolerate DR. The effectiveness of in-situ strategies such as lower limb compression garments and specific footwear remains to be confirmed. Our review finally highlights important discrepancies between studies in the assessment of EIMD, DR protocols and populations, which prevent drawing firm conclusions on factors that most influence the response to DR, and adaptive strategies to DR.

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confidence: 99%

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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“…muscle cramps) can have a meaningful outcome in their performance. While magnesium can help with nocturnal leg cramps, data on whether endurance athletes can benefit from magnesium supplementation using a hydration beverage are lacking despite some evidence that magnesium supplementation in athletes can reduce inflammation and help with recovery 10,11 . One of the challenges is to deliver an optimal amount of magnesium that can be quickly absorbed via the GI tract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Magnesium-Rich Electrolyte Hydration Mix Reduces Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps in Half-Marathon Runners

Kharait¹

2022

JEN

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Introduction: Magnesium is an uncommon electrolyte in a sports hydration drink despite the fact that many endurance athletes suffer from muscle cramps and soreness during marathon events. We tested if an optimal amount of elemental magnesium (100 mg/serving) in an electrolyte mix during a marathon can reduce the incidence and severity of muscle cramps. Methods: The open survey was conducted using a questionnaire about muscle cramps that participating athletes completed after finishing the half-marathon race. The half-marathon course was identical in two separate events held at the same location. Participating athletes had magnesium-rich electrolyte mix, MAGNAK or water for hydration. The number of athletes who had mild-moderate and/or severe muscle cramps were recorded in this post-event survey. Results: A total of 86 athletes participated in the survey during event 1 and 98 in event 2. Amongst the athletes who only had water for hydration, approximately 46% of athletes had muscle cramps as compared to 21% in those who hydrated with MAGNAK (p=0.002). Hydration with MAGNAK reduced the incidence of both, mild-moderate as well as severe muscle cramps in both events. Mild-moderate muscle cramps occurred in 12% of athletes who hydrated with MAGNAK as compared to 26% in those who used water for hydration (p=0.02). Incidence of severe muscle cramps was reduced from 20% to 9% by MAGNAK on average in the composite data (p=0.04). Conclusions: Magnesium-rich electrolyte mix MAGNAK was highly effective in reducing mild to severe exercise associated muscle cramps in half-marathon runners.

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“…In this study, no marked influence on plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β following DH running was observed. Numerous studies have reported that eccentric exercise promotes inflammatory reactions by mediating leukocyte function and inflammatory cytokine secretion [ 46 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Exceedingly high or chronic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines may contribute to the ROS generation capability of leukocytes or the impairment of muscle regeneration and repair, resulting in longer processes for returning the pre-exercise performance [ 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned in this manuscript, IL-6 is the most frequently changed inflammatory cytokine following eccentric exercise with low to moderate intensity and duration [ 53 , 56 ]. A review article suggested that there is no significant association between local and systemic cytokine responses to exercise besides IL-6 [ 62 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Ginseng Attenuates Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage via the Modulation of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammatory Adaptation in Males

Lin

Chen

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by a reduction in functional performance, disruption of muscle structure, production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory reactions. Ginseng, along with its major bioactive component ginsenosides, has been widely employed in traditional Chinese medicine. The protective potential of American ginseng (AG) for eccentric EIMD remains unclear. Twelve physically active males (age: 22.4 ± 1.7 years; height: 175.1 ± 5.7 cm; weight: 70.8 ± 8.0 kg; peak oxygen consumption [V˙O2peak] 54.1 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) were administrated by AG extract (1.6 g/day) or placebo (P) for 28 days and subsequently challenged by downhill (DH) running (−10% gradient and 60% V˙O2peak). The levels of circulating 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α (PGF2α), creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α, and the graphic pain rating scale (GPRS) were measured before and after supplementation and DH running. The results showed that the increases in plasma CK activity induced by DH running were eliminated by AG supplementation at 48 and 72 h after DH running. The level of plasma 8-iso-PGF2α was attenuated by AG supplementation immediately (p = 0.01 and r = 0.53), 2 h (p = 0.01 and r = 0.53) and 24 h (p = 0.028 and r = 0.45) after DH running compared with that by P supplementation. Moreover, our results showed an attenuation in the plasma IL-4 levels between AG and P supplementation before (p = 0.011 and r = 0.52) and 72 h (p = 0.028 and r = 0.45) following DH running. Our findings suggest that short-term supplementation with AG alleviates eccentric EIMD by decreasing lipid peroxidation and promoting inflammatory adaptation.

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One week of magnesium supplementation lowers IL-6, muscle soreness and increases post-exercise blood glucose in response to downhill running

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

Downhill Running: What Are The Effects and How Can We Adapt? A Narrative Review

A Magnesium-Rich Electrolyte Hydration Mix Reduces Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps in Half-Marathon Runners

American Ginseng Attenuates Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage via the Modulation of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammatory Adaptation in Males

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