One‐third probability embedding: a new ±1 histogram compensating image least significant bit steganography scheme

Abstract

A new method is introduced for the least significant bit (LSB) image steganography in spatial domain providing the capacity of one bit per pixel. Compared to the recently proposed image steganography techniques, the new method called onethird LSB embedding reduces the probability of change per pixel to one-third without sacrificing the embedding capacity. This improvement results in a better imperceptibility and also higher robustness against well-known LSB detectors. Bits of the message are carried using a function of three adjacent cover pixels. It is shown that no significant improvement is achieved by increasing the length of the pixel sequence employed. A closed-form expression for the probability of change per pixel in terms of the number of pixels used in the pixel groups has been derived. Another advantage of the proposed algorithm is to compensate, as much as possible, for any changes in the image histogram. It has been demonstrated that one-third probability embedding outperforms histogram compensating version of the LSB matching in terms of keeping the image histogram unchanged.

A FPGA based Steganographic System Implementing a Modern Steganalysis Resistant LSB Algorithm

“…It suggests that minimum information required to be in cover image does not changes significantly by embedding algorithm. MSE and consequent PSNR levels are nearly equal or marginally better than result statistics of original one third probability algorithm and various other state of art LSB methods results stated in Sarreshtedari 11 , et al Results decisively shows that proposed method performs at par with original one third probability and other LSB algorithms in Table 3.…”

“…Sarreshtedari 11 , et al has proposed a newer algorithm which reduces the probability of change to 1/3. One third probability algorithm shows better resistance against HCF-COM attack while performing better than LSB matching and revised LSB matching 11 . In the field of steganography, hardware implementation using FPGA is not very frequent.…”

An Improved Adaptive Steganographic Method Based on Least Significant Bit Substitution and Pixel-Value Differencing

“…Imperceptibility of the proposed method is governed by Table 1, which shows the good PSNR value in comparison to PVD-LSB method. Also, the embedding capacity is higher as compared to PVD-LSB method.The graph in Fig 3.shows the changes that occur in histogram due to data embedding [9]. It is clear from the fig.…”

“…The value of PSNR is used to define imperceptibility and is given by: where MxN denotes the size of the cover image I and stego image Y. A high PSNR value means good quality of stego image whereas a low PSNR means the opposite [7] [8] [9]. (iii) Robustness: Robustness is the property that provides the resistance against elimination of secret information from the stego image.…”

Adaptive Method of Data Hiding using Edge Detection

“…One of the techniques used for hiding the information over the public network is Steganography. The word steganography is acquired from the Greek words "stegos", signifying "cover", and "grafia", signifying "composing", which collectively mean a "secured composition" [1][2][3]. Steganography is a practice of concealing communication; a steganographic framework in this way hides secret information with the help of a cover media, so that, a hacker or an unauthorized user may not feel the presence of the secret data.…”