One-step synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst by the hydrothermal carbonization of acai seed

Biomass derived sulfonated carbon catalysts: efficient catalysts for green chemistry

“…91 In contrast, the Acai waste-derived sulfonation carbon catalyst with a similar total acidic group and a sulfonic acid group quantity of 1.8 mmol g −1 achieved excellent reusability with a 95% oleic acid conversion rate and 77% conversion rate after 5 repetitions. 92 Similarly, the corn cob-derived sulfonated carbon catalyst with a sulfonic acid group quantity of 2.05 mmol g −1 achieved a conversion rate of 98.5% for oleic acid, and after 10 repeated uses, it still had a conversion rate of 70% for oleic acid, much higher than other corn cob-derived sulfonated carbon catalysts (Fig. 4b).…”

Unlocking the potential of catalysts in thermochemical energy conversion processes

“…The combination of high structural stability, efficient catalytic performance, ease of preparation and separation, and low cost make these catalyst unique for energy conversion applications. 113 However, this process needs high temperatures (150 °C) and extended periods of time to be efficient. During sulfonation, not only are sulfonic groups added to the hydrothermal carbon, but the structure of the material also undergoes changes.…”