One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement

Li, Jian; Li, Na; Li, Leilei; Wang, Tao

doi:10.1038/srep28767

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In this paper, a new quantum key distribution protocol HQKD is proposed and the security of this protocol is analyzed for intercept-measure-resend (IR) attack and entanglementmeasure attack. HQKD protocol doesn't need to store the quantum states and improves the maneuverability, the position of hyperentangled Bell state is used to encode information and detect eavesdroppers.Compared with [44], 6 bits classical information can be encoded by a hyperentangled Bell state and single particle, this protocol is with higher information transmission efficiency.Compared with OPP protocol, the HQKD protocol is with higher eavesdropping detection efficiency 93.75% when Eve wants to get all the information. The protocol needs to fabricate and measure single particle, which can be implemented by using single photon source, single photon detectors and linear optical devices, this protocol also needs to fabricate and measure hyperentangled Bell states, which has been experimentally realized [48], [49], but based on the existing technical conditions, there are some difficulties in realizing to mix hyperentangled Bell states and single particle, quantum experiments have developed rapidly in recent years and the research of mixing hyperentangled Bell states and single particle will be research focus, we believe that the problem will be solved with the advancement of technology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on the Hyperentangled Bell State

Hou

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Considering the security and efficiency of quantum communication system, one step quantum key distribution protocol based on hyperentangled Bell state is proposed. Every 6 classical bits are divided into a group, which are encoded by single particle and hyperentangled Bell state, the sender Alice sends them to receiver Bob, Bob randomly selects the position of hyperentangled Bell state to measure and detects the existence of eavesdropper Eve by comparing measurement results in his hand and transmitted by Alice.Quantum key distribution protocol based on grouping is proposed to solve the storage problem of quantum information and improve the maneuverability, a security analysis is calculated under the intercept-measureresend attack which introduce at least an error rate of 46.875%, if Eve wants to get all the information, the probability of detection eavesdropping under the entanglement-measure attack is 93.75%, so it proves that proposed protocol does not need to store the quantum state and asymptotically secure under interceptmeasure-resend attack and entanglement-measure attack.INDEX TERMS Entanglement-measure attack, hyperentangled bell state, intercept-measure-resend attack, quantum key distribution, single particle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on the Hyperentangled Bell State

Hou

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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“…In both the schemes proposed in Ref. 1 and summarized here, the authors claimed that the security arises due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and no-cloning. However, it should be noted that the security in a cryptographic protocol is achieved using splitting the useful information in 2 or more pieces, in such a way that unavailability of all these pieces makes it impossible to extract the secret.…”

Section: Analysis Of LI Et Al's Protocolmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Further, it is also shown that all the error rates computed in the Li et al's paper are incorrect as the authors failed to recognize the fact that any eavesdropping effort will lead to entanglement swapping. Finally, it is established that Li et al's scheme can be viewed as an incrementally (but incorrectly) modified version of the existing schemes based on Goldenberg Vaidman (GV) subroutine.Recently, Li et al 1 have proposed a one step scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) using a Bell states. The scheme is not secure and the claims made by the authors unfortunately appear to be inaccurate for various reasons as elaborated in this comment.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Comment on the One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement

Pathak,

Thapliyal

2016

Preprint

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Recently, in Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 28767, Li et al., have proposed a scheme for quantum key distribution using Bell states. This comment provides a proof that the proposed scheme of Li et al., is insecure as it involves leakage of information. Further, it is also shown that all the error rates computed in the Li et al.'s paper are incorrect as the authors failed to recognize the fact that any eavesdropping effort will lead to entanglement swapping. Finally, it is established that Li et al.'s scheme can be viewed as an incrementally (but incorrectly) modified version of the existing schemes based on Goldenberg Vaidman (GV) subroutine.Recently, Li et al. 1 have proposed a one step scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) using a Bell states. The scheme is not secure and the claims made by the authors unfortunately appear to be inaccurate for various reasons as elaborated in this comment. Firstly, they claimed their scheme to be novel and tried to support their claim by stating "Compared with the "Pingpong" protocol involving two steps, the proposed protocol does not need to store the qubit and only involves one step". This is a comparison of an apple with an orange, as the Pingpong protocol is designed for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), where information can be transmitted using quantum resources without the prior generation of keys. Naturally, a scheme of QKD should not be compared with a scheme of QSDC. To visualize the naiveness of their claim and part of the exercises followed in their paper, one may note that even the well known BB84 2 and B92 3 protocols for QKD do not require quantum memory, if one wishes to design BB84 type scheme using EPR states, Alice can simply prepare some copies of Bell states (sayand send the second qubits of all the Bell pairs to Bob, who subsequently randomly measures his qubit in X basis or Z basis. Alice also performs the same measurement and they keep all those cases where the measurement basis used by them are the same. For eavesdropping check they may compare half the results, if no signature for eavesdropping is found their key will be exactly correlated. A scheme equivalent to this scheme, which is one step and uses EPR state, is discussed by some of the present authors as Protocol 2 in, 4 where to increase the efficiency, Bob used to announce his basis and Alice used to subsequently measure in the same basis. However, such a scheme is neither efficient (as it uses costly quantum resource, like entanglement, which is not required) nor novel (as the scheme is equivalent to BB84). The one step EPR-based scheme proposed by Li et al., is slightly different from this simple minded EPR-based one step scheme of QKD described above as in this case Bob performs Bell measurement. In what follows we would show that security of such a scheme appears from entanglement swapping. Unfortunately, Li et al., missed this point and analyzed the security of their protocol in analogy with BB84 scheme, and naturally such an incorrect analysis led to incorrect values of error rates. Bef...

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“…But there is still a serious problem on how to distribute the key safely. [3][4][5] Different from the classical secure communication protocol, quantum secure communication (QSC) protocol is based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics rather than the complexity of computing. So QSC has much higher performance of security.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The security analysis of E91 protocol in collective-rotation noise channel

et al. 2018

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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The bit error in quantum communication is mainly caused by eavesdropping and noise. However, most quantum communication protocols only take eavesdropping into consideration and ignore the result of noise, making the inaccuracy situations in detecting the eavesdropper. To analyze the security of the quantum E91 protocol presented by Ekert in collective-rotation noise channel, an excellent model of noise analysis is proposed. The increment of the qubits error rate (ber) is used to detect eavesdropping. In our analysis, eavesdropper (Eve) can maximally get about 50% of the key from the communication when the noise level approximates to 0.5. The results show that in the collective-rotation noise environment, E91 protocol is secure and the raw key is available just as we have knew and proved. We also presented a new idea in analyzing the protocol security in noise channel.

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One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement

Cited by 30 publications

References 45 publications

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on the Hyperentangled Bell State

One Step Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Based on the Hyperentangled Bell State

A Comment on the One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement

The security analysis of E91 protocol in collective-rotation noise channel

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