One-Step Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots With Anodic Electrochemiluminescence for Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose

Abstract

Simple and efficient synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) remains a great challenge. Herein, we present an anodic ECL-sensing platform based on nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs), which enables sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose. N-GQDs are easily prepared using one-step molecular fusion between carbon precursor and a dopant in an alkaline hydrothermal process. The synthesis is simple, green, and has high production yield. The as-prepared N-GQDs exhibit a single graphene-layered structure, uniform size, and good crystalline. In the presence of H2O2, N-GQDs possess high anodic ECL activity owing to the functional hydrazide groups. With N-GQDs being ECL probes, sensitive detection of H2O2 in the range of 0.3–100.0 μM with a limit of detection or LOD of 63 nM is achieved. As the oxidation of glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx) produces H2O2, sensitive detection of glucose is also realized in the range of 0.7–90.0 μM (LOD of 96 nM).

Gamma-Ray-Induced Structural Transformation of GQDs towards the Improvement of Their Optical Properties, Monitoring of Selected Toxic Compounds, and Photo-Induced Effects on Bacterial Strains

“…One study suggested that GQD optical emissions stem most probably from continuous defect states (functional groups), and different defect states are the reason for variation in emissions at different wavelengths [ 46 ]. Less dependence on the emission peak position from excited light in irradiated GQDs is attributed to the higher uniformity of size and surface state of these particles [ 47 ].…”

Recent advances on the development of graphene‐based field‐effect transistors, electrochemical biosensors and electrochemiluminescence biosensors

“…As shown in Figure 9, the previous reports have proved that the graphene‐based materials can work as the efficient signal amplification unit in the ECL sensors. Thus, the biomolecules like PSA [178–179], aflatoxin B 1 [180], hydrogen peroxide [181] and glucose [181b] were sensitively detected. In particular, for the detection aflatoxin B 1 , the π‐π conjunction between luminol and graphene shortens the electron transfer distance, resulting in an enhanced ECL signal (Figure 9a) [180].…”

“…The heteroatom modified graphene‐based luminol ECL biosensor also can be constructed for biomolecules detection. Through the one‐step molecular fusion process, the nitrogen doped graphene was fabricated, exhibiting strong anodic ECL properties at low potential in the presence of hydrogen peroxide [181b]. Furthermore, as can be seen from Figure 9d, two elements (nitrogen and sulfur) doped graphene and luminol can be integrated into one nanostructure as the dual emission luminophore for the detection of AA (an indicator of some chronic diseases).…”

Electrospun nanofiber-based glucose sensors for glucose detection

“…They have unique photophysical properties, such as strong photostability, high brightness, and high signalability ( Ramanavicius et al, 2021 ). Their unique chemiluminescence and photochemical activities make them attractive materials for preparing efficient biosensors to detect a wide variety of biomolecules ( Yanyan et al, 2021 ). Biomolecular-mediated QD synthesis devices have great potential for colorimetric glucose sensing, due to the presence of different color changes during QD synthesis ( Hu et al, 2020a ; Ma et al, 2018 ).…”