One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnS2/SnO2/C Hierarchical Heterostructures for Li-ion Batteries Anode with Superior Rate Capabilities

Abstract

Novel three-dimensional hierarchical heterostructures composed of two-dimensional SnS 2 nanoflakes and zero-dimensional SnO 2 nanoparticles were fabricated via a one-step hydrothermal method. Size of the heterostructures was ca. 2 µm in diameter, and individual SnS 2 nanoflakes with thickness of ca. 150 nm were connected to central core of the heterostructures. The SnO 2 nanoparticles in a diameter of ca. 5 nm uniformly covered entire surface of the SnS 2 nanoflakes. Moreover, both of these structures were highly crystalline. Meanwhile, amorphous carbon was formed within the heterostructures. The SnS 2 /SnO 2 /C hierarchical heterostructures had a high initial specific reversible capacity of 1065.7 mAh g -1 , s` cycling stability of 638 mAh g -1 after 30 cycles, and superior rate capability of 550.8 mAh g -1 at 1C rate. These SnS 2 /SnO 2 /C hierarchical heterostructures showed better performance than individual SnS 2 and SnO 2 nanomaterials, and the performance was even higher than the graphene-SnS 2 and graphene-SnO 2 nanohybrid materials. This is attributed to a synergistic effect of high surface area, which is provided by the unique SnS 2 internal nanoflake layered structures decorated with ultra-fine SnO 2 nanoparticles, and an effective beneficial buffer matrix to accommodate the large volume change upon cycling, which is caused by the side-products such as Li 2 S or Li 2 O. The SnS 2 nanoflake was deduced to play a similar role as graphene material, since both possess 2D conducting layer structures.The uniform carbon dispersion within the structures also stabilizes the structures and improves electrical conductivity of the hierarchical heterostructures.

Synthesis of Hollow SnO2/SnS2 Hybrids and their Application in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…(3)–(7)], and alloying reaction (5), as well as the formation of an irreversible solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the 1st cycle. This peak shifts to left in subsequent scans, which is consistent with previous reports . In the anodic scan, the peak are observed at 0.5‐1 V correspond to the desodiation process upon charging …”

SnS2/Sb2S3 Heterostructures Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Superior Rate Capability for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…Another effective approach to enhance electrical and ionic conductivity of SnS 2 is to construct heterostructures to reduce ion‐diffusion resistance and promote interfacial electron transport due to the existence of a micro electric field at heterointerfaces between coupling semiconductors with different bandgaps . Zhang and co‐workers explored optimized conditions for preparing SnO 2 /SnS 2 /CNT heterostructures from SnO 2 /CNT sources.…”

SnO2 as Advanced Anode of Alkali‐Ion Batteries: Inhibiting Sn Coarsening by Crafting Robust Physical Barriers, Void Boundaries, and Heterophase Interfaces for Superior Electrochemical Reaction Reversibility

“…Xu et al synthesized graphene‐encapsulated SnO 2 @SnS 2 hollow nanostructures via hydrothermal sulfuration of SnO 2 followed by the surface modification of RGO, exhibiting a 100th discharge capacity of 583 mAh g −1 with a low capacity loss of 0.273% per cycle. Chen et al created 3D hierarchical heterostructures composed of 2D SnS 2 nanoflakes and 0D SnO 2 NPs remained a stable capacity of 638 mAh g −1 after 30 cycles at a high C‐rate of 1 A g −1 . Zhang et al prepared SnO 2 ‐CoS hybrid porous cubes through a facile solvothermal reaction of tin cobalt hydroxide (CoSn(OH) 6 ) and thioacetamide (CH 3 CSNH 2 , TAA) in ethanol expressed a stable capacity of 750 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g −1 .…”

“…Similarly to metals, SnO 2 can be homogenously combined with metal oxides (MOs) or metal sulfides (MSs) such as TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Co 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, ZnO, In 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , MoS 2 , CoS 2 , and SnS 2 to introduce sufficient heterophase interfaces in the hybrid material to inhibit Sn coarsening (Figure d), thus enhancing reaction reversibility. Additionally, the synergistic effects between SnO 2 and MOs/MSs can reduce the strain from volume expansion, facilitate Li + transport, and catalyze the conversion reaction from Sn and Li 2 O to SnO 2 .…”

“…The capacities and cycle numbers of SnO 2 ‐based materials as anodes for LIBs reported in the recent literature as listed in Table …”