“…For example, in comparison with conventional heating methods, microwave heating produces ner particles with narrow size distribution (He, 2004) and high purity (Buttress et al, 2019) because of the higher reaction rate due to rapid volumetric heating. Consequently, operation at lower temperature (El-Naggar et al, 2016) and shorter reaction time (Kostyukhin et al, 2019;Yasnó et al, 2019) can be achieved with high productivity (Imran et al, 2019) because of the rapid synthesis. However, to e ciently enhance microwave characteristics, such as rapid and homogeneous nucleation, fast supersaturation, and short crystallization time, high microwave power is required.…”