“…According to Panico et al [8], the machining of FRP composites presents challenges due to the heterogeneity and anisotropic properties of the material, leading to chip formation mechanisms and process force analysis dependent on the cutting angle of the fibers, as evidenced by various experimental studies [9][10][11][12][13]. In addition, the abrasive nature of the fibers causes rapid and severe wear of the tools, resulting in increased cutting forces, delamination defects, burrs, and a decrease in the quality of the machined surface, as demonstrated by Maegawa et al [14] during the milling of unidirectional (UD) carbon fiberreinforced plastic (CFRP) materials.…”