“…Furthermore, recent studies have reported action-speciWc unimodal visual and motor (Chong, Cunnington, Williams, Kanwisher, & Mattingley, 2008;Dinstein et al, 2010;Kilner, Neal, Weiskopf, Friston, & Frith, 2009;Lingnau, Gesierich, & Caramazza, 2009) as well as cross-modal adaptation of neural activity in these fronto-parietal areas (Chong et al, 2008;Dinstein et al, 2010;Kilner et al, 2009), suggesting the same neural population may be involved in the representation of speciWc actions that are either observed or executed. Importantly, repeated execution of pulling or pushing actions may induce a bias to categorize ambiguous actions as opposite to the one that had been trained, likely through a motor-tovisual adaptation of visuo-motor neurons (Cattaneo et al, 2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the inferior frontal gyrus disrupted this visual aftereVect, suggesting that this area contains mirror-like populations of neurons that are recruited in action execution and observation and may directly inXuence the visual perception of actions (Cattaneo et al, 2010).…”