One-pot production of a liquid biofuel candidate—Ethyl levulinate from glucose and furfural residues using a combination of extremely low sulfuric acid and zeolite USY

Chang, Chun; Xu, Guoqiang; Zhu, Weina; Bai, Jing; Fang, Shuqi

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.102

Cited by 65 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Similarly, with USY zeolite, the EL yield decreased from 45 to 36 % after 6 runs. Also, with the same USY zeolite mixed with ELA catalysts, the yield decreased from 49 to 44 % after 6 runs …”

Section: El Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[139] Similarly,w ith USY zeolite,t he EL yield decreased from 45 to 36 %a fter 6runs.A lso,w ith the same USY zeolitem ixed with ELA catalysts,t he yield decreased from 49 to 44 %a fter 6runs. [140] In an unusual method for the production of EL, virtually no excesso fe thanoli su sed. [141] As ar esult, in addition to not requiring larger andm ore expensive reactors and separations equipment, with this newly developed process,h igher selectivity and volumetric productivity can be attained,a s well as improved product concentration.…”

Section: Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

et al. 2017

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Ethyl levulinate is a diesel additive that has received special attention recently due to its potential for production in large quantities from inexpensive feedstocks. Several processes have been developed for the conversion of biomass into levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate, and an economic analysis of these routes would indicate the main hindering factors of their commercialization. This Review focuses on filling this gap in current knowledge by gathering data from scientific papers and patents to create a simulation to analyze processes by focusing on the production of ethyl levulinate in nine countries or regions across the globe. The key indicator to analyze the economic feasibility of ethyl levulinate production is a comparison of its minimum selling price to the local wholesale price of diesel on an energy basis. Processes simulated in Brazil, China, and India presented promising results with feedstocks such as sugarcane bagasse and rice residues. Also, the integration of ethyl levulinate production into existing ethanol plants is a factor that may improve process economics. Overall, this Review specifies key factors in economic and environmental performances of the processes to indicate research topics that could achieve high impact on industrial‐scale processes once matured.

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Section: El Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

et al. 2017

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“…It presumed that one‐pot reaction in ethanol is more advantageous for EMF and EL production from renewable biomass. This process is relatively simple, minimized amount of waste water discharged and higher‐grade products easily isolated by fractionation . Several reports showed that it is logical to carry out the production of EMF directly from fructose in one‐pot reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) have been considered as the new promising biofuels. A comparative study was conducted for the direct conversion of carbohydrates into EMF and EL in different medium containing ethanol. The distribution and formation kinetics of EL, EMF, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) in pure ethanol and ethanol/organic solvent medium were compared, and the results showed that the addition of nhexane can improve the accumulation of EMF. When the volume ratio of ethanol to n-hexane was 6:4, 66.29% of EMF yield can be obtained from fructose at 120°C and 180 min. The total yield of the EMF and EL can reach to 83.71%, increased by 5.73% compared with that in pure ethanol medium. Moreover, water addition can suppress the etherification of HMF to EMF and promote the rehydration of HMF to LA in the process. On the basis, a putative reaction pathway for the conversion of carbohydrates in ethanol/n-hexane medium was proposed.

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“…This route provides a convenient one-pot reaction to produce ethyl levulinate. Compared with the former two routes, this route has some advantages, like easy purification, minimized wastewater, and time saving [18]. The three reaction routes are shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2015

Catalysts

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A series of metal-modified phosphotungstates were prepared and performed for direct synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose in ethanol. Considering the cost of catalysts, catalytic activity of catalysts, and easy separation of catalysts together, K-HPW-1 was chosen as the most suitable catalyst for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from fructose. A high ethyl levulinate yield of 64.6 mol% was obtained at 150 °C within 2 h in ethanol. The introduction of low polar toluene as a co-solvent improved the yield of ethyl levulinate to 68.7 mol%. The recovered catalyst remained high activity with the yield of ethyl levulinate converted from fructose above 50 mol% after being used five times. Moreover, the generality of the catalyst was further demonstrated by glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose with ethyl levulinate yielding 14.5, 35.4, 52.3, and 14.8 mol%, respectively.

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One-pot production of a liquid biofuel candidate—Ethyl levulinate from glucose and furfural residues using a combination of extremely low sulfuric acid and zeolite USY

Cited by 65 publications

References 13 publications

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

Direct Conversion of Carbohydrates into Ethyl Levulinate with Potassium Phosphotungstate as an Efficient Catalyst

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