One century of diagnostic imaging in medicine

Elke, M

doi:10.1007/bf01941264

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Within months after its discovery, X-rays were used by battlefield surgeons to locate and remove bullet fragments. 1 This imaging modality quickly gained acceptance from physicians around the world in providing valuable diagnostic information in the care of their patients. As a natural evolution of this discovery, X-rays were soon adapted to evaluate the vascular system in conjunction with the use of a contrast material.…”

Section: Evolution Of Diagnostic Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Principles of Endovascular Therapy

Mohiuddin¹,

Kougias²,

Milner³

2006

Endovascular Therapy

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Section: Evolution Of Diagnostic Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Principles of Endovascular Therapy

Mohiuddin¹,

Kougias²,

Milner³

2006

Endovascular Therapy

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“…X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895 [ 12 ] with the first generation X-ray system of Hoffmans and van Kleef following circa 1896 [ 13 ]. Chest X-ray (CXR) was considered a revolutionary advancement, and pulmonary TB became one of the most frequent radiologic diagnoses of that period despite use being limited overall [ 14 ]. After the first World War, a steep drop in TB mortality led to hope of disease eradication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Evaluation of an Ultra-Portable X-ray System for Tuberculosis Active Case Finding

Vo¹,

Codlin²,

Ngo³

et al. 2021

TropicalMed

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X-ray screening is an important tool in tuberculosis (TB) prevention and care, but access has historically been restricted by its immobile nature. As recent advancements have improved the portability of modern X-ray systems, this study represents an early evaluation of the safety, image quality and yield of using an ultra-portable X-ray system for active case finding (ACF). We reported operational and radiological performance characteristics and compared image quality between the ultra-portable and two reference systems. Image quality was rated by three human readers and by an artificial intelligence (AI) software. We deployed the ultra-portable X-ray alongside the reference system for community-based ACF and described TB care cascades for each system. The ultra-portable system operated within advertised specifications and radiologic tolerances, except on X-ray capture capacity, which was 58% lower than the reported maximum of 100 exposures per charge. The mean image quality rating from radiologists for the ultra-portable system was significantly lower than the reference (3.71 vs. 3.99, p < 0.001). However, we detected no significant differences in TB abnormality scores using the AI software (p = 0.571), nor in any of the steps along the TB care cascade during our ACF campaign. Despite some shortcomings, ultra-portable X-ray systems have significant potential to improve case detection and equitable access to high-quality TB care.

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“…Thirty to forty percent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) clinical applications use injected tracers to improve contrast. − In MRI, such diagnostics consist of paramagnetic complexes such as iron oxides or chelates of gadolinium (Gd 3+ ). , Gd 3+ is one of the most effective paramagnetic contrast agents, because of its high number of unpaired electrons and its relatively long electronic spin relaxation time, which serves to decrease spin−lattice and spin−spin relaxation times (i . e., T 1 , T 2 , and T 2 * ) of 1 H nuclei in its vicinity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer-Stabilized Lanthanide Fluoride Nanoparticle Aggregates as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography

et al. 2010

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Poly(acrylic acid) consisting of 25 monomer units (PAA 25 ) was used to stabilize nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) consisting of either NaGdF 4 or 50/50 mixtures of GdF 3 and CeF 3 . The resulting polymer-stabilized nanoparticle aggregates (NPAs) were developed and tested for their application as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). The PAA 25 -stabilized NPAs exhibit low polydispersity and are colloidally stable at concentrations of 40 mg/mL, while their sizes can be be controlled by choosing a specific ratio of Gd 3þ to Ce 3þ . Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals that NaGdF 4 NPAs possess an average diameter of 400 nm. High-resolution STEM and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) both show that these NPAs consist of a stable aggregate of smaller NPs, whose diameters are 20-22 nm. PAA 25stabilized NPAs consisting of a 50/50 mixture of GdF 3 and CeF 3 possess an average diameter of 70 nm, while the fundamental unit size is estimated to be 10-12 nm in diameter. The PAA 25 -stabilized GdF 3 /CeF 3 NPAs possess mass relaxivities of 40 ( 2 and 30 ( 2 s -1 (mg/mL) -1 at 1.5 T and 3.0 T, respectively. Their effectiveness as contrast agents for CT X-ray imaging at various X-ray energies was also tested and compared to that of equivalent mass concentrations of Gd 3þ -diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd 3þ -DTPA) and iopromide. Gd-based NPAs exhibit superior CT contrast to equal-mass concentrations of either iopromide or Gd 3þ -DTPA below 30 keV and above 50 keV. Finally, PAA 25 was functionalized by folic acid to explore targeted imaging. Confocal microscopy revealed that, by functionalizing the PAA 25 -stabilized NaGdF 4 :Tb 3þ NPAs with ∼0.8 folates per polymer, binding and endocytosis occurred in SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells. The utility of the PAA 25 -stabilized GdF 3 /CeF 3 NPAs for MRI is demonstrated in rat perfusion MRI experiments, where T 1 -weighted MRI images of equivalent concentrations of either Gd 3þ -DTPA or the above NPAs are directly compared. The high relaxivities provide an opportunity to conduct perfusion MRI experiments with significantly lower concentrations than those needed for current commercial agents.

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One century of diagnostic imaging in medicine

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

General Principles of Endovascular Therapy

General Principles of Endovascular Therapy

Early Evaluation of an Ultra-Portable X-ray System for Tuberculosis Active Case Finding

Polymer-Stabilized Lanthanide Fluoride Nanoparticle Aggregates as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography

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