One-Body 2-D Beam-Switching Butler Matrix with Waveguide Short-Slot 2-Plane Couplers

Kim, Donghun; Hirokawa, Jiro; Ando, Makoto

doi:10.1587/transele.e100.c.884

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An alternative solution consists in using two-dimensional (2D) components, such as couplers and crossovers, to reduce the over length of the BFN by combining the two stages of 1D beamforming into a direct 2D beamforming approach [15]. The performance of 16 × 16 and 64 × 64 2D Butler matrices are detailed in [16], [17]. Because of its topology, this 2D BFN inherently generates a square lattice of beams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting Networks for Two-Dimensional Butler Matrices Generating a Triangular Lattice of Beams

et al. 2021

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Connecting networks for two-dimensional beamforming matrices are discussed. They provide a suitable interconnection between the output ports of a Butler matrix and antenna array ports, transforming a square (and more generally, rectangular) lattice of beams into a triangular lattice of beams. This change in lattice improves the crossover between beams, reducing gain roll-off over the field of view for a given multiple fixed beam coverage. A general description of the concept is provided and numerical results are reported, which confirm a reduction in crossover level between 1 and 1.5 dB. The proposed solution is further validated through the design and test of a 4 × 4 open-ended waveguide array in K-band. The connecting network has a length of 70 mm, compared to 226 mm for the 2D Butler matrix, with a design frequency of 19.55 GHz. Good agreement is found between simulated and measured data. The desired triangular lattice of beams is confirmed with the measured multiple beams. This solution is of interest for multiple-beam millimeter-wave communication systems, considered for next generation of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.INDEX TERMS Beamforming networks, multiple fixed beam antenna, open-ended waveguide arrays, triangular lattice of beams, two-dimensional Butler matrix.This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting Networks for Two-Dimensional Butler Matrices Generating a Triangular Lattice of Beams

et al. 2021

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“…The proposed network realizes the maximum number of beams as well as the highest gain. The coverage of the hemisphere is 40%, 9% higher than that of [30].…”

Section: B Radiation Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…3. This is based on the idea that horizontally and vertically stacked components are interchangeable [30]. Step 4.…”

Section: Two-dimensional Butler Matrix Configuration Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The design frequency is 19.55 GHz. All components, hybrids, cross couplers, and phase sifters are designed based on [29] and [30].…”

Section: Design Of the 64 × 64 2d Butler Matrix By Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the two-plane coupler components, the diagram can be simplified and the number of cascaded components becomes half of that of the conventional 2D Butler matrix composed of cascaded 1D Butler matrices. Using two-plane couplers, a 16 × 16 2D Butler matrix has been proposed and fabricated [30]. However, the number of beams, directivity, and coverage are limited to 4 × 4, 11.8 dBi −18.7 dBi and 31% of the hemisphere, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A 20-GHz-Band $64\times64$ Hollow Waveguide Two-Dimensional Butler Matrix

et al. 2019

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In this paper, a 20-GHz-band 64 × 64 hollow waveguide Butler matrix is proposed. By using two-plane short slot couplers and a modified diagram, a short-axis two dimensional Butler matrix is realized. The design method of the diagram and components is presented. The Butler matrix is composed of two plane hybrids, cross couplers and phase shifters. The designed Butler matrix is fabricated by milling and screwing together nine aluminum plates. The dimensions and weight are 86.40 mm × 74.19 mm × 396.34 mm and 7.0 kg, respectively. Transmission characteristics as a beam switching circuit are characterized by measurements, with a low insertion loss of less than 1.8 dB and an excitation error of 4-dB and 40-deg. standard deviation. Radiation characteristics as a 64-beam antenna are measured, and a wide coverage area of 40% of the hemisphere and high directivity of more than 18.7 dBi were determined by measurements. INDEX TERMS Butler matrix, hollow waveguide, two dimensional beam switching, two-plane short slot coupler.

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Two‐plane waveguide coupler with arbitrary coupling ratios in the H‐plane and E‐plane directions

Li,

Hirokawa,

Tomura

2023

IET Microwaves Antenna & Prop

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A comprehensive theoretical analysis of two‐plane waveguide coupler with arbitrary coupling ratios in the H‐plane and E‐plane directions is provided and a design of the two‐plane coupler with coupling ratio in the H‐plane direction and coupling ratio in the E‐plane direction is reported. The analysis of the two‐plane waveguide coupler is fully refined and accomplished by the authors. To realise an arbitrary and different coupling ratio in the two directions, it is crucial to specifically constrain the transition phase of the quarter model of the two‐plane coupler for different boundaries as necessitated by mode polarity. A prototype of the proposed two‐plane coupler is manufactured and measured to verify the concept. Its performance is observed from 27.0 to 29.5 GHz (8.85% fractional bandwidth). The measurement results are basically in accord with the simulation results, demonstrating the reliability of the theoretical analysis. Finally, samples of designed conventional H‐plane and E‐plane couplers are provided, cascading of which can realise the same functionality as the proposed two‐plane coupler. Compared with one‐plane couplers, the two‐plane coupler reported realises overall miniaturisation rates in terms of length and volume around 58.4% and 50.1%, respectively. According to the demonstration and verification of the two‐plane couplers having arbitrary coupling ratios, the employment of the two‐plane couplers to replace the conventional one‐plane couplers to realise miniaturisation of 2‐D beam switching matrices will be promoted in future applications.

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One-Body 2-D Beam-Switching Butler Matrix with Waveguide Short-Slot 2-Plane Couplers

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Connecting Networks for Two-Dimensional Butler Matrices Generating a Triangular Lattice of Beams

Connecting Networks for Two-Dimensional Butler Matrices Generating a Triangular Lattice of Beams

A 20-GHz-Band $64\times64$ Hollow Waveguide Two-Dimensional Butler Matrix

Two‐plane waveguide coupler with arbitrary coupling ratios in the H‐plane and E‐plane directions

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