“…Pro‐survival JAK2/STAT3 cascade is localized primarily within astrocytic nuclei (Oliva, Kang, Sanchez‐Molano, Furones, & Atkins, ). This cascade is responsible for the activation of GFAP gene by many factors, such as cholera toxin and interleukin (IL)‐6 in C6 malignant glioma cells (Shu et al, ), oncostatin M (OSM) in cortical neurons (Moidunny et al, ), epidermal growth factor in human glioblastoma (He et al, ), and IL‐33 in spinal glia (Du et al, ). In contrast, the inhibition of astrocyte proliferation and GFAP expression is due to suppression of JAK2/STAT3 pathway by some other factors, such as sevoflurane in the hippocampus of neonatal rats (Wang, Lu, Feng, & Zhang, ), oleanolic acid in neural stem cells (Zhang et al, ), and SN79 in striatum in mice (Robson et al, ).…”