On What We Should Believe (and When (and Why) We Should Believe What We Know We Should Not Believe)

Littlejohn, Clayton

doi:10.4324/9780429030215-15

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…While the quarantine itself is a form of transitional governance, with limited aims and an acknowledgment of a temporary shortening of time horizons (i.e., let’s get through this first), we believe there is an argument to collectively consider a generalized transitional governance. We agree with the observers who see a signal in the quarantine, a signal that the current system does not work (Butler, 2020; Harvey, 2020; Littlejohn, 2020). But rather than positioning a priori an alternative, or emphasize a strengthening of system features invigorating a rebound, we believe there is real value in keeping the options open, and in recognizing that we simply don’t know yet which general form of social and economic organization offers better perspectives for people and planet in the long run.…”

Section: The Reinvention Of the World During And After Quarantinesupporting

confidence: 84%

Resilience, Reinvention and Transition during and after Quarantine

et al. 2020

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Quarantine measures and the crises triggering them are never neutral in the sense that a return to the past is impossible. These measures are also a signal of other things like systemic risks and weaknesses. A period of quarantine is also a thing in and by itself. What happens after quarantine is thus shaped both by the state of the social-ecological system preceding quarantine and by what happened during quarantine. The selectivities introduced during quarantine span discursive, institutional and material realms. Old discourses can return with a new meaning. Social and economic relations can reappear seemingly unchanged, they can be more visibly altered and they can be dismantled. Ideologies, however, to be understood here as master discourses, read problems and solutions in their own way and do not necessarily come closer to each other or disappear. All this, offers food for thought regarding the possibilities and limits of resilience and transition. We argue that the current COVID- 19 pandemic casts doubt on the generic applicability of theories of resilience and transition, yet also sheds a new light on the value of both. We propose the concept of reinvention to describe what is happening and what could happen in a more coordinated fashion. We argue that the current crisis reveals mechanisms in systems dynamics that point at the existence of multiple pathways after dramatic system shocks. Some shocks and their system- specific responses (such as a particular kind of quarantine) are more amenable to resilience strategies afterwards, while others require a path of radical transition. They might also both be needed: a rather stark transition now might ensure future resilience. While the outline of the system after transition is not clear, some desirable features are clear as are the risks and damages of the current system. Also clear is the argument for transitional governance, a temporary governance system (beyond quarantine) which can enable the construction of new long term perspectives in governance and new governance tools meant to reduce chances of a crisis like this one reoccuring.

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Section: The Reinvention Of the World During And After Quarantinesupporting

confidence: 84%

Resilience, Reinvention and Transition during and after Quarantine

et al. 2020

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“…In addition to Williamson (2000Williamson ( , 2005b, see e.g. Adler (2002), Bird (2007), Engel (2004), Huemer (2007), Littlejohn (2016Littlejohn ( , 2020, Smithies (2012), and Sutton (2005Sutton ( , 2007. It is also possible to assume that knowledge is merely a secondary goal of belief while truth is its primary aim (for such a view, see Wedgwood 2002, who follows Williams 1978.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong knowledge, weak belief?

Schulz

2021

Synthese

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According to the knowledge norm of belief (Williamson in Knowledge and its limits, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 47, 2000), one should believe p only if one knows p. However, it can easily seem that the ordinary notion of belief is much weaker than the knowledge norm would have it. It is possible to rationally believe things one knows to be unknown (Hawthorne et al. in Philos Stud 173:1393–1404, 2016; McGlynn in Noûs 47:385–407, 2013, Whiting in Chan (ed) The aim of belief, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013). One response to this observation is to develop a technical notion of ‘outright’ belief. A challenge for this line of response is to find a way of getting a grip on the targeted notion of belief. In order to meet this challenge, I characterize ‘outright’ belief in this paper as the strongest belief state implied by knowledge. I show that outright belief so construed allows this notion to play important theoretical roles in connection with knowledge, assertion and action.

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Externalism Explained

Littlejohn¹

2023

Externalism About Knowledge

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This chapter argues that an important virtue of externalism about justification is that it helps to explain the value of knowledge. It also develops and expands upon the line of argument that is taken to be the most promising argument for externalism, one that appeals to morally loaded cases. Externalism is needed to understand how it could both be true that we’re subject to certain widely accepted normative requirements and that we should be guided by our beliefs. Since internalist views imply that these normative requirements don’t apply to all rational agents or that rational agents shouldn’t be guided by their beliefs even when they believe precisely those things that they ought to believe, we have very good reason for rejecting their picture of what we ought to believe.

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On What We Should Believe (and When (and Why) We Should Believe What We Know We Should Not Believe)

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Resilience, Reinvention and Transition during and after Quarantine

Resilience, Reinvention and Transition during and after Quarantine

Strong knowledge, weak belief?

Externalism Explained

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