On vaccine's adjuvants and autoimmunity: Current evidence and future perspectives

Vaccine-associated inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system

“…Adjuvants may be composed of different compounds. Each adjuvant has specific characteristics and a distinct mechanism of action that could affect both the immune response and the risk of adverse events [3,4]. Adjuvants approved to date for human vaccines are aluminum, MF59, and AS03 in some viral vaccines, monophosphoryl lipid A, AS04, AS01B, and AS02A against viral and parasitic infections, virosomes for hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A virus, and cholera toxin for cholera [3,4].…”

A randomized pilot trial testing the safety and immunologic effects of a MAGE-A3 protein plus AS15 immunostimulant administered into muscle or into dermal/subcutaneous sites

“…However, purified or synthetic Ag preparations alone lack those immune-stimulatory components and require addition of agents to activate DC and to signal through pattern recognition receptors. Such immunostimulants function as vaccine adjuvants, which are required to augment T cell responses to purified cancer Ags in vaccines [1–3]. The cellular and molecular events induced by such adjuvants are incompletely understood, and optimal vaccine adjuvants remain to be defined [4].…”

Immunological effects of adjuvants, their mechanisms, and relevance to vaccine safety

“…Indeed, many adverse events of vaccines can be attributed to adjuvants and their mechanisms of action (40). Adjuvants are generally considered principally responsible for the usual mild to moderate vaccine reactions (redness and swelling at the injection site, low-grade fever, fatigue, myalgia, headache), since these reactions are mostly caused by the activation of innate immunity, with brief release of inflammatory mediators.…”