On Trans-Saharan Trails

Lydon, Ghislaine

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575457.010

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Further investigation would be needed to link this influx to particular historic processes. Possible causal factors include increased mobility down the Nile and increased long-distance commerce between sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt49. Trans-Saharan slave trade may have been particularly important as it moved between 6 and 7 million sub-Saharan slaves to Northern Africa over a span of some 1,250 years, reaching its high point in the nineteenth century50.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods

et al. 2017

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Egypt, located on the isthmus of Africa, is an ideal region to study historical population dynamics due to its geographic location and documented interactions with ancient civilizations in Africa, Asia and Europe. Particularly, in the first millennium BCE Egypt endured foreign domination leading to growing numbers of foreigners living within its borders possibly contributing genetically to the local population. Here we present 90 mitochondrial genomes as well as genome-wide data sets from three individuals obtained from Egyptian mummies. The samples recovered from Middle Egypt span around 1,300 years of ancient Egyptian history from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times. This analysis establishes ancient Egyptian mummies as a genetic source to study ancient human history and offers the perspective of deciphering Egypt's past at a genome-wide level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods

et al. 2017

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“…82 The Wangara were Muslim citizens of Songhai who handled foreign trade for the state, and in so doing came to dominate markets in contemporary Benin and Nigeria. 83 The situation was rather different with the hinterland states of Central Africa. Here it seems that the Kingdom of Kongo was the only state in the area that may have engaged in long-distance trade 84 , and even this point is contestable.…”

Section: Trade-based Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…90 Aside from these societies which were deliberately set up along trade routes, Vansina notes that savannah states tended to gravitate and form along major trade routes 91 , with many consolidated savannah states found along the borders of hinterlands states, Hausaland for instance. 92 Hausaland was made up of fourteen independent Hausa States -Zazzau, Gobir, and Kano for instance -and in this way bears an organisational resemblance to the Akan and Yoruba states discussed above. These Hausa states emerged in the thirteenth century, corresponding with the boom in the trans-Saharan gold trade.…”

Section: Trade-based Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was 'Uqba Ibn Nafiˁ who led the first Islamic charge, bringing the religion to the Western Sahara desert in the seventh century. 145 It was not until the eleventh century, however, that the first African ruler was converted in the Futa Toro region of northwest Senegal. This conversion followed on the heels of a jihad in 1072 which resulted in the overthrow of Ghana, after which the defeated were forced to pay tribute to the Islamic states further north and were converted to Islam.…”

Section: Norms and Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hausaland), and it is quite clear that an Islamic-driven trade produced the centralised states found in the West African hinterland. 147 …”

Section: Norms and Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Relations in Africa before the Europeans

Pella¹

2014

The International History Review

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This article analyses the nature of international relations in West-Central Africa before the en masse arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century. Several different viewpoints are employed to describe these relations. Firstly, the different types of political units found in the region are discussed, and, secondly, regional trade, war, slavery, and norms and values are detailed to demonstrate the extent to which these practices connected African states. The argument is that these states made up a unique international system, one that was markedly different from other historical systems such as that in Western Europe. The case accordingly raises important issues about how we think about international systems, and about how international systems such as this one fit into the context of international history. In its entirety the study fills a significant void in the existing literature, which otherwise has very little to say about African international relations and its history.The purpose of this article is to introduce an international system that has hitherto been ignored outside of African history and by international-relations scholars in particular. This is the African international system, or more specifically, the WestCentral African international system. It is curious that such a unique system has been ignored, considering the increasing attention international-relations scholars are paying to non-Westphalian orders and non-Western international thought. 1 This neglect is also unfortunate because the West-Central African system came to have extensive and influential relations with Europe and the Americas, and would ultimately help to shape these two regions from the fourteenth century onwards. 2 In order to rectify this oversight and to enhance recent trends in the study of international relations and international history then, this article examines West-Central African international relations in their own right prior to large-scale contact with other international systems.To do this the opening section introduces the article's principal theoretical concept, the international system, advocating for a broad interpretation of the concept that encourages analysis of political, economic, and socio-institutional relations amongst political units. The international relations of West-Central Africa are then studied in this way, beginning in the second section which details the four different types of political units present in the region. The third section then examines the

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“Polyvalent Adaptation”: Design in a Temporal Context of Uncertain High-Risk Futures

Ring¹

2017

TPJ

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If greenhouse gas emissions ceased today, sea levels will continue to rise for centuries due to the time scale of climate change. This demands a fundamental shift from solely mitigating impacts to adapting to this new reality. Architects can play a key role but are often restrained by outmoded disciplinary norms, and financial and regulatory limitations. What we require is a new design paradigm that extends beyond site-specific needs and draws on the context of our high-risk future. "Polyvalent Adaptation" could significantly impact the profession and the future of our communities. This approach combines two concepts that are not new to architecture or to discussions surrounding sustainability and climate change, but, when married, amplify each others' potential. Combining the temporal concepts of polyvalence and adaptation provides a new lens for tackling the conflict between the permanence of the built environment and the changing climate. From this perspective, projects can be designed and constructed to meet current needs, to provide projective agency capable of assisting in the aftermath of extreme weather, and to become support infrastructures for new settlement patterns.

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On Trans-Saharan Trails

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods

Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods

International Relations in Africa before the Europeans

“Polyvalent Adaptation”: Design in a Temporal Context of Uncertain High-Risk Futures

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