On Track for a Truly Green Propolis—Fingerprinting Propolis Samples from Seven Countries by Means of a Fully Green Approach

Abstract

The production of quality bee products, as well as bee survival itself, depends on the health conditions of the environment, but ironically, harmful solvents are often employed by scientists and traders to monitor the quality of these products. Many types of propolis have been recognized around the world, but specific biological activities can be expected for specific types of propolis. This work aimed to develop a new and green ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography method for the identification of green propolis type. The method was able to discern this type of propolis in a set of samples from seven countries as well as to cluster these samples by fingerprint similarity based on principal component analysis and partial least squares–discriminant analysis. This proved to be efficient, reproducible, and greener than methods previously reported in the literature for similar purposes and compatible with the cheap, largely available food grade ethanol produced from sugar cane

Physical, chemical and antimicrobial implications of the association of propolis with a natural rubber latex membrane

“…A propolis extract was produced using a crude dry propolis (ApisFlora, Brazil) sample in EtOH-H 2 O (7:3 v/v) solution [7]. NRL (BDF Rubber Latex Co. Ltd., Brazil) was extracted, centrifuged and kept in an ammonia solution [1,8].…”

Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fused‐core particle column for fast analysis of propolis phenolic compounds

“…[16]. Funari, C. S., Carneiro, R. L., Creese, M. E., Leme, G. M., Cavalheiro, A. J., Hilder, E. F., On Track for a Truly Green Propolis‐Fingerprinting Propolis Samples from Seven Countries by Means of a Fully Green Approach.…”

“…Furthermore, different strategies for extracting natural compounds have been developed, impacting the sample composition [15]. Additionally, the complex composition of propolis requires an accurate and reproducible characterization of samples to standardize the quality of the material being sold to consumers [3, 16]. Finally, since not all propolis samples have the same chemical composition, they may not have similar biological potential.…”

Reaction of the Phytochemistry Community to Green Chemistry: Insights Obtained Since 1990

“…In a univariate approach, in which only one variable is changed at a time, only an acceptable local optimization can be expected. This should be enough to select a multivariate approach; however, a univariate approach requires many experiments when more than two variables are considered, thus wasting environmental resources, such as solvents and energy. ,, At this point, it is worth mentioning a comment of Prof. Peter J. Schoenmakers at the 40th International Symposium on High-Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques: “It has been proved over the past decades that a trial-and-error approach is a comprehensive waste of time.” To this, a green chemistry perspective could be added: “A trial-and-error approach is a comprehensive waste of time and of environmental resources.”…”

“…For example, if four factors proved to be statistically relevant in the experimental range of values during the screening step, they could be inserted into a four-factor Doehlert design rather than in a four-factor central composite design or Box−Behnken, since the former requires less experiments compared to the latter two designs (21, 25, and 25 experiments, respectively). 96,100,103 Prioritizing Natural Products Isolation. This topic was explored by Wolfender et al 104 in an article dealing with the acceleration of the isolation rate of key NPs, potentially leading to new therapeutic lead compound candidates.…”