On the way to the automated (blood) glucose regulation in diabetes: the dark past, the grey present and the rosy future

Pfeiffer, Ernst-Friedrich

doi:10.1007/bf00274572

Cited by 40 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

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“… Early closed-loop technologies: (A) Components of the Biostator (reproduced from Fogt et al., 1978); (B) A mobile version of the Biostator (reproduced from Pfeiffer 1987) ( 10 , 11 ). …”

Section: Early Closed-loop Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Templer

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Closed-loop (artificial pancreas) systems for automated insulin delivery have been likened to the holy grail of diabetes management. The first iterations of glucose-responsive insulin delivery were pioneered in the 1960s and 1970s, with the development of systems that used venous glucose measurements to dictate intravenous infusions of insulin and dextrose in order to maintain normoglycemia. Only recently have these bulky, bedside technologies progressed to miniaturized, wearable devices. These modern closed-loop systems use interstitial glucose sensing, subcutaneous insulin pumps, and increasingly sophisticated algorithms. As the number of commercially available hybrid closed-loop systems has grown, so too has the evidence supporting their efficacy. Future challenges in closed-loop technology include the development of fully closed-loop systems that do not require user input for meal announcements or carbohydrate counting. Another evolving avenue in research is the addition of glucagon to mitigate the risk of hypoglycemia and allow more aggressive insulin dosing.

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“… Early closed-loop technologies: (A) Components of the Biostator (reproduced from Fogt et al., 1978); (B) A mobile version of the Biostator (reproduced from Pfeiffer 1987) ( 10 , 11 ). …”

Section: Early Closed-loop Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Templer

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Influence of inflammatory cells and serum on the performance of implantable glucose sensors

Gerritsen

Jansen

Kros

et al. 2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of polymorphonuclear granulocytes on the performance of uncoated and cellulose acetate/Nafion coated amperometric glucose sensors in vitro. The response of these sensors was also investigated in serum. Uncoated and coated sensors showed lower sensitivities to glucose, with a significant drift in sensor output upon exposure to serum or leukocytes. Although the use of a coating resulted in higher sensitivity, the progressive loss of output was not completely prevented. Stimulated granulocytes were shown to excrete components, probably catalase and myeloperoxidase, which consumed the hydrogen peroxide formed by the oxidation of glucose. In addition, adsorbed serum proteins formed a diffusional barrier for glucose. Furthermore, serum was found to contain low-molecular weight components that alone inhibited glucose oxidase activity. Based on preliminary electrochemical results, we postulate that rabbit serum contains oxidizing substrates that compete with molecular oxygen for the acceptance of electrons from the oxidized enzyme. Consequently, future efforts should be aimed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interference of unknown serum components with electron transfer. In addition, further investigations have to be performed to develop an outer membrane that minimizes protein adsorption as well as the actions of inflammatory cells.

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A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. II. Long‐term in vitro/in vivo sensitivity characteristics of sensors with NDGA‐ or GA‐crosslinked collagen scaffolds

West

et al. 2009

J Biomedical Materials Res

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We have developed a new 3D porous and biostable collagen scaffold for implantable glucose sensors. The scaffolds were fabricated around the sensors and crosslinked using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) or glutaraldehyde (GA) to enhance physical and biological stability. The effect of the scaffolds on sensor function and biocompatibility was examined during long-term (>or=28 days) in vitro and in vivo experiments and compared with control bare sensors. To evaluate the effect of the sensor length on micromotion and sensor function, we also fabricated short and long sensors. 3D porous scaffold application around glucose sensors did not significantly affect the long-term in vitro sensitivity of the sensors. The scaffolds, crosslinked by either NDGA or GA, remained stable around the sensors during the 4 week in vitro study. In the long-term in vivo study, the sensitivity of the short sensors was higher than the sensitivity of long sensors presumably because of less micromotion in the subcutis of the rats. The sensors with NDGA-crosslinked scaffolds had a higher sensitivity than the sensors with GA-crosslinked scaffolds. Histological examination showed that NDGA-crosslinked scaffolds retained their physical structure with reduced inflammation when compared with the GA-crosslinked scaffolds. Therefore, the application of NDGA-crosslinked collagen scaffolds might be a good method for enhancing the function and lifetime of implantable biosensors by minimizing the in vivo foreign body response.

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On the way to the automated (blood) glucose regulation in diabetes: the dark past, the grey present and the rosy future

Cited by 40 publications

References 25 publications

Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems: Past, Present, and Future Directions

Influence of inflammatory cells and serum on the performance of implantable glucose sensors

A novel porous collagen scaffold around an implantable biosensor for improving biocompatibility. II. Long‐term in vitro/in vivo sensitivity characteristics of sensors with NDGA‐ or GA‐crosslinked collagen scaffolds

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