On the vertical distribution of Zooplankton in the sea

Banse, Karl

doi:10.1016/0079-6611(64)90003-5

Cited by 190 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…This does not mean that none of the surface production reaches the bottom, or that the vertical migration of zooplankton serves no useful purpose. But it does seem to imply that at tlze sixes we considered, the amount of part& transfer to deep water is small compared to the production at the surface, It is perhaps significant that Ryther et al ( 1961) did not see any definite migration; Banse ( 1964) concluded that more than half the zooplankton remained at the surface at all times; and O' Connell ( 1971) found (off S. California) great diurnal variation only in the larger zooplankton.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Production of Particles in the Surface Waters of the Ocean With Particular Reference to the Sargasso Sea1

Sheldon

Sutcliffe

Prakash

1973

Limnology & Oceanography

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In the surface waters of the ocean particle production and consumption are in balance. The structure of the pelagic food chain and the morphological limitations dictated by the environment are such that, in general, large particles have to consume smaller ones. If the large particles are removed the small particles cannot be consumed and their production rate can be measured, A state of exponential growth stems to be normal. The rate of production, as revealed by small particle growth following predation release, is much greater than the apparent rate of primary production indicated by radiocarbon uptake.It is quite obvious that the ocean is not like the land, but it is not generally appreciated that oceanic food chains are also quite unlike those of most terrestrial ecosystems. This is particularly true of the pelagic environment. The basic structure of the pelagic food chain in the open ocean is relatively simple, and this simplicity is largely determined by the nature of the environment, There are three main reasons for this. The first is that all the components are floating (or swimming) particles-a fairly obvious requirement.The second is that primary production occurs only as small particles. It is not immediately obvious why this should be, but it is certainly true that large photosynthetic organisms are rare in the pelagic environment. The third is that at each link in the food chain large particles take up smaller ones. In general, when one oceanic organism feeds on another it does so by engulfing it. This means that the predator has to be larger than the prey. There is no common pelagic equivalent of a small goat browsing on a large tree. These three factors are quite fundamental and they place limits on the structure of a pelagic ecosystem.In when taken over logarithmically equal size intervals, tends to be roughly the same at all sizes ( Sheldon et al. 1972). To maintain this state the rate of particle production should vary inversely with particle size. At any link of the food chain the relative production of the two components must also be inversely proportional to the ccological efficiency, more or less. In practical terms this means that if the ecological efficiency of an alga-herbivore relationship is 10% then the rate of algal production must be at least 10x the rate of herbivore production.This corresponds to the situation where all the algal production is consumed by the herbivores. Similar considerations will apply to other links of the food chain.It is fundamental to our understanding of oceanic production to realize that over long periods of time the total biomass of the open ocean is fairly constant. Therefore, all the organic material that is built up into particles is ultimately consumed or broken down again. In this paper we describe a series of observations and experiments which show that it is possible to increase our understanding of marine production simply by looking at particle formation.We would like to thank N. Prouse for making 14C determinations of production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Production of Particles in the Surface Waters of the Ocean With Particular Reference to the Sargasso Sea1

Sheldon

Sutcliffe

Prakash

1973

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…As trophodynamic relationships in pelagic systems depend on spatial overlap of predators and prey, understanding the mechanisms that lead to different vertical distributions is essential (Banse, 1964). Investigation of the physical processes that influence trophic interactions between zooplankton and higher trophic levels in the central Baltic Sea is one of the aims of the GLOBECGermany Project (www.globec-germany.de).…”

Section: A U T H O R ' S P E R S O N a L C O P Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These clines are often characterised by steep gradients of temperature (thermocline) and salinity (halocline) and can put strong constraints on the distribution and dispersal of zooplankton species (e.g., Fager and McGowan, 1963;Banse, 1964;Ackefors, 1969;Hernroth and Ackefors, 1979;Owen, 1989;Yamazaki et al, 2002;Gallager et al, 2004). Hence, they may cause an inhomogeneous biomass distribution in the water column and affect the energy transfer within the food web (Roemmich and McGowan, 1995;Viitasalo et al, 1995;Vuorinen et al, 1998;Ojaveer et al, 1998;Dippner et al, 2000;Möllmann et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical zonation of the zooplankton community in the Central Baltic Sea in relation to hydrographic stratification as revealed by multivariate discriminant function and canonical analysis

Schulz

Möllmann²,

Hirche

2007

Journal of Marine Systems

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The vertical zonation of zooplankton in a deep central Baltic Sea basin was studied in relation to hydrography based on vertically resolved sampling. The study period covered different seasonal hydrographic conditions as well as inflow events of water masses from the North Sea, important for the physical condition of this marginal sea. By means of multivariate discriminant function and canonical analysis, we show a distinct vertical zonation of the zooplankton community in the water column. Three main habitats, which reflect the hydrographic situation, were identified with distinct differences in zooplankton composition: (1) the summer surface layer, bound by the thermocline at its lower rim; species inhabiting this layer are only seasonally abundant or forced to adjust to the cooler winter water; (2) the intermediate winter water, bound by the halocline from below and the thermocline or surface as the upper boundary; species dwelling in this layer face a reduced volume and are cut off from the high primary production when their habitat is limited from above by the summer thermocline; (3) the layer between the permanent halocline and the seafloor; the taxonomic composition in this layer shows no significant effect in relation to the observed inflows. The consequences of this zonation for trophodynamic interrelationships and advection processes are discussed.

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“…These discontinuity layers are known sites of dense larval patches (e.g., Nelson 1928;Carriker 1951;Banse 1964;Tremblay and Sinclair 1990b;Gallager et ai. 1996b;Metaxas andYoung 1998), zooplankton (e.g., Beeton 1960;Hansen 1951;Davis et ai.…”

Section: Biological and Physical Processes Influencing Vertical Distrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, laboratory (e.g., Kaartvedt et al 1987;Silva and O'Dor 1988;Barile et al 1994;Gallager et al 1996b;Manuel 1996) and field (e.g., Verwey 1966;Pennington and Emlet 1986;Sinclair 1990a and1990b;) observations suggest that vertical migrations occur on a diel cycle for many coastal invertebrate species. Yet, the applicability of these diel vertical migration studies to populations separated in time (daily or seasonally) and space remains unknown (e.g., Banse 1964Banse , 1986. Moreover, Manuel et al (1996) presented evidence that larvae from different populations of the same species display different vertical migration patterns.…”

Section: Biological and Physical Processes Influencing Vertical Distrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability and vertical structure in larval abundance : the potential roles of biological and physical processes

Garland¹

2000

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Recruitment variability in benthic invertebrate populations results from variability in planktonic larval supply and from processes occurring during and after larval settlement onto the seafloor. The focus of this thesis is on the temporal and spatial variability in larval supply, the extent to which planktonic larval distributions are determined by larval behaviors and physical processes, and how differentially distributed larvae are advected to potential adult habitats by inner-shelf circulation such as wind-driven upwelling and downwelling. This research capitalized on two sets of larval concentration time series, collected by moored zooplankton pumps, and complemented by synoptic hydrographic time-series data.High variability was observed in larval concentration time series, yet the variations were nonrandom. Within the context of the sampling regime, two dominant modes of variability existed. One source of variation was associated with the synoptic meteorological time scale, and the other with the diurnal time scale. Over relatively long time scales, larvae were associated with particular water masses, defined by temperature-salinity characteristics. Within a particular water mass, group-specific vertical patterns were observed over both long and short time scales. "Lowfrequency" temporal variatious resulted primarily from wind-driven cross-shelf transport of water masses in which larvae were differentially distributed relative to the thermocline. "Higherfrequency" variations were attributed to diel vertical migrations. These findings suggest that larvae were passive to the degree that they were horizontally advected with certain water masses, but active to the degree that they could alter their vertical position in the water column.Local hydrodynamics, larval associations with specific water masses, and the vertical structure of larvae resulted in differential larval transport to potential adult habitats. Larval data indicate the times and places of possible coupling between water-column organisms and the benthos, leading to certain predictions regarding when and where larval settlement should be greatest.Time-series measurements of larval concentration yield a new perspective on the temporal and spatial variability in larval distributions at an inner-shelf site. Determining how processes operating at the synoptic and diurnal time scales are coupled, and to what extent they influence recruitment variability, represents a challenging extension of this work.

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On the vertical distribution of Zooplankton in the sea

Cited by 190 publications

References 90 publications

The Production of Particles in the Surface Waters of the Ocean With Particular Reference to the Sargasso Sea1

The Production of Particles in the Surface Waters of the Ocean With Particular Reference to the Sargasso Sea1

Vertical zonation of the zooplankton community in the Central Baltic Sea in relation to hydrographic stratification as revealed by multivariate discriminant function and canonical analysis

Temporal variability and vertical structure in larval abundance : the potential roles of biological and physical processes

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