On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the Systematic Position of <i>Bassaris</i> and other disputed Forms

Flower, William Henry

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07286.x

Cited by 130 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Alisphenoid canal: 0, present; 1, absent. The alisphenoid canal is present in Proailurus and most viverrids, and may be present in one side of the skull in some specimens but not the other (see also Flower, 1869). According to Geraads et al (2004), some Machairodus supposedly possess the canal, but in the current sample it is only present in a more vestigial form, and in others it appears to have been absent although this is tentative.…”

mentioning

confidence: 54%

Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)

Christiansen

2012

Cladistics

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In recent years, advances in our understanding of feline relationships have cast light on their evolutionary history. In contrast, there have been no phylogenetic analyses on machairodont felids, making it difficult to develop an evolutionary hypothesis based on the recent surge of studies on their craniomandibular morphology and functional anatomy. In this paper, I provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis of machairodont relationships based on 50 craniomandibular and dental characters from a wide range of sabercats spanning more 11 Myr. Exact searches produced 19 most‐parsimonious trees, and a strict consensus was well resolved. The Machairodontinae comprise a number of basal taxa (Promegantereon, Machairodus, Nimravides, Dinofelis, Metailurus) and a well‐supported clade of primarily Plio‐Pleistocene taxa (Megantereon, Smilodon, Amphimachairodus, Homotherium, Xenosmilus) for which the name Eumachairodontia taxon novum is proposed. Previous phenetic grouping of machairodont taxa into three distinct groups, the Smilodontini, Homotherini and Metailurini, was not supported by cladistic parsimony analysis, and forcing monophyly of these groups was significantly incompatible with character distribution. Machairodonts as a clade are not characterized by saberteeth, i.e. hypertrophied, blade‐like upper canines, but by small lower canines, as well as small M1; and large P3 parastyle. True saberteeth arose later and are a synapomorphy of the Eumachairodontia.

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confidence: 54%

Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)

Christiansen

2012

Cladistics

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“…From a taxonomic perspective, the red panda can be classified as a single extant species of a fourth living musteloid family, Ailuridae. This family name was first used by Flower (1869), but its authorship is assigned to Gray (1843) because the latter coined the tribal name Ailurina, which is the oldest coordinate name for Ailuridae (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999, Articles 23 and 36). Note that Ailuridae is conceptualized here as a total clade, roughly in agreement with Ginsburg (1999), Wolsan (1999Wolsan ( , 2005, Ginsburg et al (2001), and Salesa et al (2006), but contra Wolsan (1993b) and Wang et al (2005).…”

Section: Red Panda's Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering and dating the red panda’s ancestry and early adaptive radiation of Musteloidea

Sato

Wolsan

Minami

et al. 2009

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

102

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“…The bullae in several taxa show the different patterns of their growth, that result in different adult morphologies and presumably reflect the different evolutionary pathways within the order (e.g., Flower 1869;Van Kampen 1905;Hunt 1974;Ivanoff 2001). The members of the family Canidae are unique in having the ventral entotympanic sinus (VES) that develops in ontogeny from the ventral region of the 'caudal-entotympanic' portion of the auditory bulla (Ivanoff 2000(Ivanoff , 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking the ring: Occurrence and development of the uninterrupted intrabullar septum in Canidae

Ivanoff

2007

Mammalian Biology

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The maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, and some of the earliest canids are known for the peculiar ring-like shape of their intrabullar septum (an incomplete bony partition in the auditory bulla). In attempt to understand the origin of this character state, the auditory bullae in adult and juvenile dried skulls of 28 species of living Caninae were examined with a special emphasis on the occurrence of a ring-like (uninterrupted) septum. In addition to C. brachyurus, this morphology was invariably found in the bush dog, Speothos venaticus, what makes the presence of the uninterrupted septum the first osteological synapomorphy supporting the Chrysocyon-Speothos clade recently revealed by molecular systematics. The canine juvenile morphologies indicate that the intrabullar septum is ring-like at its early developmental stage. As ontogeny progresses, the septum resorbs differentially, depending on taxon, to become horseshoe-or crescent-like. By this transformation of the initially ring-like septum, Caninae seem to ontogenetically parallel a trend found in the phylogeny of Hesperocyoninae, an extinct canid group. The reverse recapitulation occurs, however, in the evolution of Caninae themselves, with their most-derived members having a least-resorbed septum. This implies that the ontogenetic criterion cannot be used for inference of the polarity of septal character states within the Caninae. The evolution of the canine intrabullar septum could have involved a series of heterochronies towards increasingly paedomorphic states in several lineages of the tribe Canini. New data were also obtained on the bone composition of the canid intrabullar septum. While the dorsal septum is entotympanic, the ventral one is in fact ectotympanic in adult Caninae. This compound structure results from penetration of the ventral entotympanic sinus into the ectotympanic.

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On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the Systematic Position of Bassaris and other disputed Forms

Cited by 130 publications

References 0 publications

Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)

Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)

Deciphering and dating the red panda’s ancestry and early adaptive radiation of Musteloidea

Unlocking the ring: Occurrence and development of the uninterrupted intrabullar septum in Canidae

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