On the validity of “Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis” and on the use of the provisional status Candidatus in zoological nomenclature

Dantas‐Torres, Filipe; Otranto, Domenico

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04158-3

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In addition to D. repens , the diversity of D. repens- like filarioids includes Dirofilaria sp. Thailand genotypes 14 , a species previously referred to as “ Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis” (unavailable name) 44 ; detected in Hong Kong and parts of India, as well as an undescribed species detected in Argentina 45 . While all these sequences were phylogenetically clustered within the “ hongkongensis ” clade, the genetic profile of these D. repens- like filarioids was remarkably linked to the vertebrate host, as suggested previously 14 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Laidoudi

Bedjaoui

Latrofa

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Several zoonotic vector-borne helminths (VBHs) infesting canids cause serious veterinary and medical diseases worldwide. Increasing the knowledge about their genetic structures is pivotal to identify them and therefore to settle effective surveillance and control measures. To overcome the limitation due to the heterogeneity of large DNA sequence-datasets used for their genetic characterization, available cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (n = 546) and the 12S rRNA (n = 280) sequences were examined using combined bioinformatic approach (i.e., distance-clustering, maximum likelihood phylogeny and phylogenetic evolutionary placement). Out of the 826 DNA available sequences from GenBank, 94.7% were characterized at the haplotype level regardless sequence size, completeness and/or their position. A total of 89 different haplotypes were delineated either by cox1 (n = 35), 12S rRNA (n = 21) or by both genes (n = 33), for 14 VBHs (e.g., Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Brugia spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Onchocerca lupi and Thelazia spp.). Overall, the present approach could be useful for studying global genetic diversity and phylogeography of VBHs. However, as barcoding sequences were restricted to two mitochondrial loci (cox1 and 12S rRNA), the haplotype delineation proposed herein should be confirmed by the characterization of other nuclear loci also to overcome potential limitations caused by the heteroplasmy phenomenon within the mitogenome of VBHs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Laidoudi

Bedjaoui

Latrofa

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…In addition, a particular genotype of D. immitis from South America differed molecularly from the classical genotype circulating worldwide. This genotype has been described as the more virulent strain of this species responsible for human ocular dirofilariasis in Brazil [ 6 , 28 ]. Despite these descriptions, limited information is currently available on the virulence, predilection sites within hosts, prevalence, and geographical assignment of these genotypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis in Southeast of France

et al. 2021

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Dirofilariasis is one of the oldest known zoonotic infections of humans mainly caused by the filarial parasites of the species Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, which primarily infect dogs. A five-year survey (2017 to 2021) was conducted among the dog population to assess the molecular prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. in southeast France. Morphological and genetic analysis were performed on filaroids from dogs and one infected woman from the studied area. A total of 12 (13%) dogs scored molecularly positive for Dirofilaria spp. of which nine carried blood microfilariae. Ocular dirofilariasis was detected in a 79-year-old woman with no travel history. Both electron microscopy and molecular sequencing identified the worm in the human case as D. repens. Molecularly, D. repens isolates were identical in the human and dog cases, representing the only genotype reported so far in France. Despite the distribution of this genotype through all Europe, it was grouped separately with the other two European genotypes and with Asian ones. As in almost all previous human cases in France, D. repens parasites were mainly recovered from the ocular region of patients and were geographically concentrated in the southeastern regions. Data demonstrate the sympatric occurrence of D. immitis and D. repens with high risk of infection to human and dog populations in these investigated geographical areas, thereby underlining the urgent need to implement preventive chemoprophylactic strategies and vector control to reduce the risk of these filaroids in dog and human populations.

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“…Epidemiological surveys and the prevalence of this parasite in Europe were recently summarized, reporting 64 surveys from 1987 to 2019 (140). In contrast, there have been scarce reports from the US during the same period (20, 21), which should underscore the need for more active surveillance using a combination of diagnostic methods, including classical (141), histochemical (142), and molecular methods (143). Despite the need for more active surveillance, the routine use of ectoparasiticide compounds observed in the last decades has likely contributed to the reduction of infection by Acanthocheilonema species in dogs.…”

Section: Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Addressing this need may be important for identifying filarioid species in the future domestic animal and zoonotic cases (207,(228)(229)(230)(231)(232)(233)(234) or revisiting archival materials in museum collections that contain formalin-fixed tissues attributed to filarioid nematodes but that have not been unequivocally assigned to species. Serological surveillance for determining exposure or molecular screening for active infection by filarioids in human populations has not yet been examined in the US and represents a major knowledge gap (143).…”

Section: Gaps In Knowledge and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

Gruntmeir

Kelly²,

Ramos³

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Filarioid nematodes, which are vector-borne parasites of cosmopolitan distribution, of dogs are medically important. They are represented by species in which microfilariae were found to be circulating in the bloodstream (e.g., Dirofilaria sp., Acanthocheilonema sp., and Brugia sp.) or skin-dwelling (e.g., Cercopithifilaria sp. and Onchocerca sp.). Those species whose microfilariae are detected in blood have been extensively studied, especially Dirofilaria immitis, due to their clinical importance. In recent decades, there has been an increased interest by the scientific community in filarioid nematodes whose microfilariae are detected in the skin because of the zoonotic aspect of Onchocerca lupi. In the United States (US), although D. immitis has been considered the main filarioid infecting dogs, the intense animal movement and global canine filarioid diversity may indicate that the likely presence of cutaneous filarioid nematodes is more common than previously expected. Hence, a question remains: Are these canine filarioid nematodes emerging, neglected, or simply underdiagnosed in the US? In this review, we provide an overview of pertinent information that briefly summarizes the biology of the different canine filarioid nematode species, clinical signs associated with infections, and currently available diagnostic tools using molecular and microscopy-based methods and highlight knowledge gaps where research and surveillance efforts remain necessary. The data herein presented serve as an alert to the scientific community about the importance of filarioid nematodes infecting dogs other than D. immitis. Additionally, the zoonotic potential of several filarioid species reinforces the necessity of a proper diagnosis and the need for broader surveillance to understand their diversity and distribution, to highlight the potential introduction of certain species, and mitigate their establishment in the country and new animal and human cases.

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On the validity of “Candidatus Dirofilaria hongkongensis” and on the use of the provisional status Candidatus in zoological nomenclature

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis in Southeast of France

Cutaneous filarioid nematodes of dogs in the United States: Are they emerging, neglected, or underdiagnosed parasites?

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