On the use of emulsions for studying salt nucleation and ice heterogeneous nucleation by AgI particles

Phase Transitions of Aqueous Atmospheric Particles

“…Laboratory work on cirrus and PSC cloud formation at low temperatures and salt crystallization at low relative humidities include 8 publications in 1999, 9-16 19 in 1997-1998, 17-35 14 in 1995-1996, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] 18 in 1993-1994, 50-66 and 18 between 1977 and 1993. [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] Earlier work on salt crystallization is found in refs 85-88. In addition, there have been numerous papers describing field and modeling studies. The emphasis in this review is to cover principles, which will remain applicable even with new research, and to apply those principles in the context of contemporary relevant systems.…”

“…For example, mixed-phase clouds as warm at -5 °C are common. Research in this area 6,8 attempts to quantify and understand the temperatures at which naturally occurring heterogeneous nuclei, including those from biogenic sources, 256,257 or anthropogenically produced AgI cloud-seeding 80,[258][259][260] particles induce ice formation in dilute (i.e., water activity approaching unity) aqueous droplets. 200,[261][262][263][264][265][266] Early work also investigated the role of dissolved salts in reducing freezing temperatures, principally for heterogeneous nucleation (typically, -5 to -30 °C).…”

“…There is rapid development in the science of the phase transitions of atmospheric chemistry as well as a growing recognition of the importance of the condensed phase for diverse atmospheric problems. Laboratory work on cirrus and PSC cloud formation at low temperatures and salt crystallization at low relative humidities include 8 publications in 1999, − 19 in 1997−1998, − 14 in 1995−1996, − 18 in 1993−1994, − and 18 between 1977 and 1993. − Earlier work on salt crystallization is found in refs…”

Germination en phase condensée et applications aux basses températures

“…] T* = -40 °C et une fusion des gouttes solidifiés à 0 °C pour toutes les gouttes [10]. Ces études réalisées sur des émulsions dont la phase dispersée est une solution aqueuse de NH4CI ont permis de compléter le diagramme de phases du binaire considéré par des courbes d'hypercongélation (r) et d'hypersolubilité 03A3 lieu des températures de rupture de surfusion (T) ou de rupture de sursaturation (X) des gouttes dispersées [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] (Fig. 7).…”

“…Cette technique a été utilisée pour former de l'iodure d'argent solide dispersé [11]. La réaction chimique a été réalisée par mélange de deux émulsions dont la phase dispersée de l'une est une solution aqueuse de AgNo3 et celle de l'autre une solution aqueuse de KI.…”