On the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to characterize and model the aging phenomena of lithium-ion batteries: a critical review

Characterisation of Commercial Li‐Ion Batteries Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

“…[16,[21][22][23] In the mid-frequency region at least two capacitive arcs can be resolved (evident in Figure 1 for battery type #6), which are usually associated with the charge transfer phenomena. [16] Battery #2 shown in Figure 1 is the battery type that was chosen for detailed discussion in this study. Its behaviour on cycling appears in Figure 2, which shows that the remaining capacity drops exponentially after the 200 th cycle.…”

“…An inductive loop at the high frequency limit (above about 1 kHz) and a blocked electrode feature at the low frequency end (below about 0.1 Hz) are the main characteristics of these batteries, in agreement with the literature. [16,[21][22][23] In the mid-frequency region at least two capacitive arcs can be resolved (evident in Figure 1 for battery type #6), which are usually associated with the charge transfer phenomena. [16] Battery #2 shown in Figure 1 is the battery type that was chosen for detailed discussion in this study.…”

“…[9] These tools are mainly based on chargedischarge curves that include incremental capacity analysis and differential voltage analysis (ICA and DVA, respectively), [10,11] or the internal resistance of the cell, [12] although some reports suggest no correlation between capacity loss and ohmic resistance exists. [13] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is becoming more and more relevant in the literature as a tool for SOH determination in different cathode chemistries, [14][15][16] and also for the derivation of the state-of-charge (SOC). [17] Some models include resistor-capacitor (RC) time constants for the interface with both current collectors [18] although this practice is not the general consensus with respect to this aspect.…”

Battery Health Diagnosis Approach Integrating Physics‐Based Modeling with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

“…EIS tests are usually quicker than IC-DV tests, enabling relatively easy measurements at several frequencies and SOC. [23,24] Thus, for instance, tests at frequencies required to capture SEI and LP run at shorter times than at low frequencies, required to capture diffusion-related aging phenomena; however, the onboard (online) implementation of EIS techniques in EV batteries is challenging, requiring 1) controlling the perturbation current over a range of frequencies in a power converter, 2) ensuring a proper resolution for the ripple voltage measurement without any phase delay over the range of frequencies, 3) considering SOC changes during measurements, 4) implementing an efficient computational algorithm to fit EIS parameters, and 5) ensuring a proper frequency resolution for the measurements. Further details can be found in the work of Islam and Park [25] and Gong et al, [26] who developed a comprehensive strategy to efficiently implement EIS online.…”

Estimating the State of Health of Lithium-Ion Batteries with a High Discharge Rate through Impedance

“…Nonetheless, few of these studies considered a discharge rate higher than 5 C, and in the area of SOH estimation, even fewer studies considered such a high discharge rate. In the recent review made by Iurilli et al [31], the authors summarized the current rate used in different works that took an EIS approach to study battery aging. According to Table 3 in their paper, very few studies considered a discharge rate higher than 3 C. Additionally, for those studies that did consider such a high discharge rate, they were mainly focused on how the impedance spectrum and battery parameters change as the battery ages, and none of them made a SOH estimation in their work [3,[32][33][34].…”