On the Uncertain Taxonomic Identity of Adenomera hylaedactyla (Cope, 1868) and the Composite Type Series of A. andreae (Müller, 1923) (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation

“…from Camisea (accession number: MUSM 18219), which differs from nominal A. simonstuarti by lacking the nearly solid, black-colored stripe along the underside of the forearm. In fact, the specimen is morphologically more similar to other members of the A. andreae clade, especially by the presence of toe tips fully expanded into small discs (Carvalho et al 2019b(Carvalho et al , 2019d. Based on its distinctive call, however, Adenomera sp.…”

“…from Camisea as nonpulsed and given as single notes, with the dominant frequency at the fundamental harmonic, and with negligible frequency modulation. These acoustic traits distinguish this taxon from the sympatric A. simonstuarti and all other Amazonian species of Adenomera (for acoustic comparisons in Adenomera, see Carvalho et al 2019bCarvalho et al , 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d. We also examined the recorded male of Adenomera sp.…”

“…We collected five individuals of Adenomera that we associated with A. simonstuarti based on morphology, color patterns, and/or call characteristics, as follows: (1) tips of toes II-IV developed into discs (character state D; sensu Carvalho et al 2019d); (2) presence of nearly solid, dark-colored stripe on the underside of forearm (sensu Angulo & Icochea 2010); (3) advertisement call consisting of short-lasting (< 80 ms), pulsed notes with the dominant frequency generally coinciding with the fundamental harmonic (Angulo & Icochea 2010). Specimens were euthanized using a topical solution of 10% lidocaine, fixed with 10% formalin and preserved in 70% ethanol.…”

“…The only other described species of Adenomera with multi-note call is the allopatric A. cotuba Carvalho & Giaretta, 2013, distributed in the Cerrado savannas and dry forests of north central Brazil (Carvalho & Giaretta 2013b). Additionally, the following morphological and color features, when combined with acoustic data, can help distinguish nominal A. simonstuarti from the seven Amazonian congeners [A. andreae, A. chicomendesi, A. coca (Angulo & Reichle, 2008), A. heyeri, A. hylaedactyla, A. lutzi and A. phonotriccus; see Boistel et al 2006;Kok et al 2007;Angulo & Reichle 2008;Carvalho et al 2019bCarvalho et al , 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d: (1) a nearly solid, dark-colored stripe along the underside of the forearm;…”

“…A phylogenetic study of the genus based on a comprehensive geographic sampling revealed many putative new species, reported as candidate species (Fouquet et al 2014). Some of these nominal and candidate species of Adenomera exhibit marked genetic divergence among populations and some of them are also known to have distinct call patterns, suggesting extensive cryptic diversity within the genus (Fouquet et al 2014;Carvalho et al 2019cCarvalho et al , 2019d. Fouquet et al (2014) classified the species diversity of Adenomera into eight major clades, one of them being the Amazonian endemic A. andreae clade.…”