“…Binding of TNFα to the TNFR1 eventually leads to caspase or NF-κB activation ( Faustman and Davis, 2010 ; Brenner et al., 2015 ), whereas trimeric activation of Fas, TrailR1/2 complexes selectively induces caspase-mediated apoptosis (David R. McIlwain et al., 2015 ; E. M. Creagh and Martin, 2001 ). Recent data suggests also higher-than-trimeric receptor oligomerization upon activation ( Vanamee and Faustman, 2020 ), comparable to cluster-activation seen for T-cell receptors ( Grakoui et al., 1999 ). Targeted analysis of TNFRSF members is also of importance, because mutations in TNFSF/TNFRSF members can lead to various diseases among them, such as TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) ( Savic et al., 2012 ) or autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) (Anke M.J. Peters et al., 1999 ).…”