On the theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere

Abstract

Applying the conservation of energy principle to the incoming solar radiation and to the long-wave radiation, a heating mechanism of the atmosphere is introduced. A simplified emission spectrum of the atmosphere with one transparent region is used. The surface of the earth and a cloud layer are considered aa black bodies.A simplified model of the atmosphere containing the coupling between dynamical and thermodynamical proceases is presented. The equations that give the temperature, the excess of radiation and the mean zonal wind for each day of the year are derived. The temperature is given by a second order differential equation that can readily be solved. The zonal wind and the excess of radiation are explicit functions of the temperature.

Quasi-Geostrophic Potential Vorticity Transport in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and Simple Climate Models

“…One aspect of the statistical-dynamical models relevant to the present paper is the parameterization of the meridional transports of heat and momentum. Parameterization of heat has been done using an exchange coefficient (Adem, 1962;Saltzman, 1968;Green, 1970 and many others). Parameterization of momentum transport is much more difficult, although it has been attempted by Saltzman and Vernekar (1968).…”

Modelling the effect of an assumed cosmic ray-modulated global cloud cover on the terrestrial surface temperature

“…The TMC converges and is stable (Adem, 1962). The principal equation for the temperature anomalies is an elliptic expression solved as a ÿnite di erence equation by the Liebmannn relaxation method described by Thompson (1961).…”

“…as a black body, thus the radiation emitted depends only on the temperature. More details about the radiative treatment of the clouds are in Adem (1962). In the TMC, the cloud cover is introduced as an average normal value plus a fraction which depends on the heat ceded to the troposphere by the condensation of water vapour in the clouds.…”

“…The model used here is the thermodynamic model of climate (TMC) (Adem, 1962), which assumes that the energy that maintains the atmospheric circulation is the solar radiation, and therefore the fundamental problem is to explain quantitatively how the transformation of radiant energy in mechanical energy is carried out.…”

An energy balance climate model with hydrological cycle: 1. Model description and sensitivity to internal parameters

“…ice or snow an increase in cloud cover gives rise to a net increase in solar energy absorption. In other words, the cloud cover effect tends to cushion the ice-albedo effect.The longwave radiation (LW) scheme follows that ofAdem [1962],Smagorinsky [1963], and Paltridge[1974]. The surface emits radiation &ccording to •7• , and receives radiation from the cloudless and below-cloud atmosphere, plus the radiation from the clouds transmitted through the atmospheric •dndow.…”