“…However, one disadvantage of this method is the irregularity of drop casting the antibody solution without any conjugation chemistries. While simple and effective, for more sensitive applications, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-mediated approach may be necessary to achieve optimized surfaces and reaction rates 25 . Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As suggested earlier, by utilizing SAM-based conjugation chemistry, the orientation of the antibodies can be controlled, along with the longevity of their adherence to the IDE. However, such a process introduces potentially hazardous chemicals into the integration of an MPS and increases the complexity of the defined microfabrication approach 25 . Additionally, blocking steps should be utilized in the practical application of such a conjugation, which are excluded from the experimental protocol to simplify the measurements.…”
Benchtop tissue cultures have become increasingly complex in recent years, as more on-a-chip biological technologies, such as microphysiological systems (MPS), are developed to incorporate cellular constructs that more accurately represent their respective biological systems. Such MPS have begun facilitating major breakthroughs in biological research and are poised to shape the field in the coming decades. These biological systems require integrated sensing modalities to procure complex, multiplexed datasets with unprecedented combinatorial biological detail. In this work, we expanded upon our polymer-metal biosensor approach by demonstrating a facile technology for compound biosensing that was characterized through custom modeling approaches. As reported herein, we developed a compound chip with 3D microelectrodes, 3D microfluidics, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and a microheater. The chip was subsequently tested using the electrical/electrochemical characterization of 3D microelectrodes with 1 kHz impedance and phase recordings and IDE-based high-frequency (~1 MHz frequencies) impedimetric analysis of differential localized temperature recordings, both of which were modeled through equivalent electrical circuits for process parameter extraction. Additionally, a simplified antibody-conjugation strategy was employed for a similar IDE-based analysis of the implications of a key analyte (l-glutamine) binding to the equivalent electrical circuit. Finally, acute microfluidic perfusion modeling was performed to demonstrate the ease of microfluidics integration into such a polymer-metal biosensor platform for potential complimentary localized chemical stimulation. Overall, our work demonstrates the design, development, and characterization of an accessibly designed polymer-metal compound biosensor for electrogenic cellular constructs to facilitate comprehensive MPS data collection.
“…However, one disadvantage of this method is the irregularity of drop casting the antibody solution without any conjugation chemistries. While simple and effective, for more sensitive applications, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-mediated approach may be necessary to achieve optimized surfaces and reaction rates 25 . Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As suggested earlier, by utilizing SAM-based conjugation chemistry, the orientation of the antibodies can be controlled, along with the longevity of their adherence to the IDE. However, such a process introduces potentially hazardous chemicals into the integration of an MPS and increases the complexity of the defined microfabrication approach 25 . Additionally, blocking steps should be utilized in the practical application of such a conjugation, which are excluded from the experimental protocol to simplify the measurements.…”
Benchtop tissue cultures have become increasingly complex in recent years, as more on-a-chip biological technologies, such as microphysiological systems (MPS), are developed to incorporate cellular constructs that more accurately represent their respective biological systems. Such MPS have begun facilitating major breakthroughs in biological research and are poised to shape the field in the coming decades. These biological systems require integrated sensing modalities to procure complex, multiplexed datasets with unprecedented combinatorial biological detail. In this work, we expanded upon our polymer-metal biosensor approach by demonstrating a facile technology for compound biosensing that was characterized through custom modeling approaches. As reported herein, we developed a compound chip with 3D microelectrodes, 3D microfluidics, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and a microheater. The chip was subsequently tested using the electrical/electrochemical characterization of 3D microelectrodes with 1 kHz impedance and phase recordings and IDE-based high-frequency (~1 MHz frequencies) impedimetric analysis of differential localized temperature recordings, both of which were modeled through equivalent electrical circuits for process parameter extraction. Additionally, a simplified antibody-conjugation strategy was employed for a similar IDE-based analysis of the implications of a key analyte (l-glutamine) binding to the equivalent electrical circuit. Finally, acute microfluidic perfusion modeling was performed to demonstrate the ease of microfluidics integration into such a polymer-metal biosensor platform for potential complimentary localized chemical stimulation. Overall, our work demonstrates the design, development, and characterization of an accessibly designed polymer-metal compound biosensor for electrogenic cellular constructs to facilitate comprehensive MPS data collection.
“…As suggested earlier, by utilizing a SAM-based conjugation chemistry, the orientation of the antibodies can be controlled, along with the longevity of their adherence to the IDE. However such a process would introduce potentially hazardous chemicals into the integration of an MPS, and increase the complexity of the de ned microfabrication approach 25 .…”
Section: Ide Analyte Modellingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, one disadvantage of this method is in the irregularity of drop casting the antibody solution without any conjugation chemistries. While simple and effective, for more sensitive applications, a Self Assembled Monolayer (SAM)-mediated approach may be necessary to achieve optimized surfaces and reaction rates 25 .…”
Benchtop tissue cultures have become increasingly complex in recent years, as more “on-a-chip” biological technologies such as Microphysiological Systems (MPSs) work to incorporate cellular constructs that more accurately represent their respective biological systems. Such MPSs have begun providing major breakthroughs in biological research and are poised to shape the field in the coming decades. These biological systems necessitate integrated sensing modalities to procure complex, multiplexed datasets, with unprecedented combinatorial biological detail. In this work we expand on our polymer-metal biosensor approach by demonstrating a facile technology towards compound biosensing which are characterized through custom modeling approaches. Herein we develop a compound chip with 3D microelectrodes, 3D microfluidics, Interdigitated Electrodes (IDEs) and a micro-heater. The chip is subsequently tested using electrical/electrochemical characterization of 3D microelectrodes with 1kHz impedance and phase recordings, and IDE-based high frequency (~ 1MHz frequencies) impedimetric analysis of differential localized temperature recordings, both of which are modelled through equivalent electrical circuits for process parameter extraction. Additionally, a simplified antibody-conjugation strategy was employed for a similar IDE-based analysis of the implications for a key analyte (L-Glutamine) binding on the equivalent electrical circuit. Lastly, acute microfluidic perfusion modelling was performed to demonstrate ease of microfluidics integration into such a polymer-metal biosensor platform for potential complimentary localized chemical stimulation. Combined, our work demonstrates the design, development, and characterization of an accessibly designed, polymer-metal compound biosensor for electrogenic cellular constructs, geared towards comprehensive MPS data collection.
“…With the emergence of modern printing electronic technology, the printing electronic industry based on nano-silver conductive ink is developing rapidly (Murtaza et al , 2020; Reenaers et al , 2020; Mo et al , 2016; Zhao et al , 2020). The application of nano-silver ink in the electronic industry mainly includes intaglio printing (Pudas et al , 2005; Sico et al , 2016; Huang and Zhu, 2018), flexographic printing (Kattumenu et al , 2009), screen printing (Wang et al , 2014; Faddoul et al , 2011), inkjet printing (Liu et al , 2019; Zhu et al , 2020; Huang et al , 2011; Li et al , 2014; Perelaer et al , 2009; Zhang et al , 2011; Woo et al , 2009) and three-dimensional (3 D) printing (Kim et al , 2006; Mu et al , 2018; Ghosale et al , 2016).…”
Section: Research Background and Significancementioning
Purpose
In flexible electronics applications, organic inks are mostly used for inkjet printing. Three-dimensional (3 D) printing technology has the advantages of low cost, high speed and good precision in modern electronic printing. The purpose of this study is to solve the high cost of traditional printing and the pollution emissions of organic ink. It is necessary to develop a water-based conductive ink that is easily degradable and can be 3 D printed. A nano-silver ink printed circuit pattern with high precision, high conductivity and good mechanical properties is a promising strategy.
Design/methodology/approach
The researched nano-silver conductive ink is mainly composed of silver nanoparticles and resin. The effect of adding methyl cellulose on the ink was also explored. A simple 3 D circuit pattern was printed on photographic paper. The line width, line length, line thickness and conductivity of the printed circuit were tested. The influence of sintering temperature and sintering time on pattern resistivity was studied. The relationship between circuit pattern bending performance and electrical conductivity is analyzed.
Findings
The experimental results show that the ink has the characteristics of low silver content and good environmental protection effect. The printing feasibility of 3 D printing circuit patterns on paper substrates was confirmed. The best printing temperature is 160°C–180°C, and the best sintering time is 30 min. The circuit pattern can be folded 120°, and the cycle is folded more than 60 times. The minimum resistivity of the circuit pattern is 6.07 µΩ·cm. Methyl cellulose can control the viscosity of the ink. The mechanical properties of the pattern have been improved. The printing method of 3 D printing can significantly reduce the sintering time and temperature of the conductive ink. These findings may provide innovation for the flexible electronics industry and pave the way for alternatives to cost-effective solutions.
Originality/value
In this study, direct ink writing technology was used to print circuit patterns on paper substrates. This process is simple and convenient and can control the thickness of the ink layer. The ink material is nonpolluting to the environment. Nano-silver ink has suitable viscosity and pH value. It can meet the requirements of pneumatic 3 D printers. The method has the characteristics of simple process, fast forming, low cost and high environmental friendliness.
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