On the stability of the silver/silver sulfate reference electrode

Abstract

The preparation and application of a simple silver/silver sulfate reference electrode for an aqueous solution, which can be used as an alternative in chloride-free systems, is reported. The electrodes are prepared by galvanostatic oxidation of silver wire in sulfate solution: the potential stability with time is measured as a function of the current density and overall charge used in oxidation. The electrode potential is also measured in a wide concentration range of sulfate and chloride solutions and an explanation of the observed stability is presented. The range of optimal conditions, crucial for the correct electrode operation, is discussed.

On the controlled electrochemical preparation of R4N+ graphite intercalation compounds and their host structural deformation effects

“…A Ag 0 /Ag + ClO 4 À reference electrode was constructed in-house by placing a silver wire in a 3 mm diameter glass tube, sealed at one end with a Vycor Ò glass frit (Scientific and Medical Products Ltd., Cheadle, UK). The tube was filled with AgClO 4 (0.01 M) in 0.1 M of the chosen electrolyte in NMP, and is an example of a reference electrode of the first kind [30]; by which the potential of a metal is measured relative to its ion in solution. Finally the tube was sealed by heat shrinking.…”

Lithium recovery from brine using a λ-MnO2/activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor system

“…However, the better idea for the silver negative electrodes used in these systems is required to reduce its cost or increase long term stability. The dissolution of silver could be an important problem because of the high solubility of Ag 2 SO 4 (Velický et al, 2012;Pasta et al, 2012b) under the presence of considerable amount of SO 4 2À in the brine lakes which is major source of the lithium. Then, the applications of the rocking chair battery (LiFePO 4 /FePO 4 ) with high Mg/Li recovery ratio was proposed by Zhao et al (2013) and the new concept aqueous battery with mixed-ion electrolytes as lithium/sodium ion recovery and energy storage were investigated by Chen et al (2013).…”

Extraction of Salinity‐Gradient Energy by a Hybrid Capacitive‐Mixing System

“…Nevertheless, compared to CDP, MEB generates a significantly lower average power density (≈0.1 W m −2 ) . In addition, there is a search for suitable anion‐capturing/anion‐releasing materials as alternatives to using precious metals such as silver electrodes, which are prone to dissolve and form complexes with chloride and sulfate in seawater …”