On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications.

Orne, Martin T.

doi:10.1037/h0043424

Cited by 3,492 publications

(1,421 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

1,342

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Orne (1962) noted that college students tend to hope and expect that their participation in the study will contribute to science and human welfare, which may exaggerate their performance and responses on some tasks.…”

Section: Use Of Appropriate Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Appropriateness of Using Laboratories and Student Participants in Gambling Research

Gainsbury

Blaszczynski

2010

J Gambl Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Use Of Appropriate Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Appropriateness of Using Laboratories and Student Participants in Gambling Research

Gainsbury

Blaszczynski

2010

J Gambl Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Some theorists (Jospe, 1978;Kienle & Kiene, 1997;Margo, 1999) have argued that the placebo effect may be due to an individual's desire to cooperate with the experimenter or health care professional (i.e., demand characteristics; Orne, 1962), and others have argued that self-enhancing motives alter placebo responding (Gibbons & Gaeddert, 1984).…”

Section: The Motivational Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Goal Activation, Expectations, and the Placebo Effect.

Geers

Weiland

Kosbab

et al. 2005

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

139

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Motivational factors receive little attention in current theories of the placebo effect. Reasons for this position are reviewed, and an argument is made for reconsidering the influence of motivation on the placebo effect. The authors hypothesize that nonconscious goals alter reactions to a placebo expectation. Specifically, the authors predict that the placebo effect is most likely to occur when individuals have a goal that can be fulfilled by confirmation of the placebo expectation. The authors tested this notion in 5 experiments. The results demonstrate the role of motivation in the placebo effect across a variety of symptom domains and via 4 different goal activation techniques. Moreover, this moderating effect occurred for both positive and negative placebo expectations, across different placebo effect measures, and in brief laboratory experiments as well as in lengthier studies. It is argued that theories regarding the placebo effect should incorporate motivational factors. Keywords: expectations, goals, health, placebo effectThe word placebo entered the English language around the 13th century (Shapiro, 1964). The word was translated from Vulgate Latin, meaning to please, to give pleasure, to suit, and to satisfy (Lasagna, 1986;Lewis, 1953;Shapiro & Shapiro, 1997). Early medical definitions include "a medication given to please" (Dorland, 1901) and "medicines prescribed more to please the patient than for its therapeutic effectiveness" (Fox, 1803).These initial conceptualizations of a placebo clearly possess a strong motivational element. That is, a placebo was originally viewed as a medication or treatment that was administered to fulfill a need or desire of the patient. In contrast, most recent reviews and research articles on the placebo effect either ignore or discount the potential impact that motives can have on placebo responding (e.g., Ader, 1997;Amanzio & Benedetti, 1999;Bienenfeld, Frishman, & Glasser, 1996;Kienle & Kiene, 1996;Kirsch, 1997;Montgomery & Kirsch, 1996;Ross & Olson, 1982;Stewart-Williams & Podd, 2004). The aim of this article is to reintroduce motivational features to the theory of the placebo effect. We begin by presenting a brief review of the relevant literature and discussing the dominant theoretical perspectives of the placebo effect. Next, we present a model of placebo responding based on recent goal activation research. We then report five studies conducted to assess this motivationally oriented account. The Placebo EffectWhat is the placebo effect? Although a wide array of definitions currently exist (see

show abstract

“…Rather, investigations of implicit cognition require indirect measures, which neither inform the subject of what is being assessed nor request self-report concerning it. The usual justification for indirect measures in social psychological research is the empirical one of minimizing reactivity of research situations to avoid demand characteristics (Orne, 1962) and sources of self-presentational artifacts such as evaluation apprehension (Rosenberg, 1969). When used in this way to minimize reactivity, indirect measures are empirically desirable but not theoretically essential.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Greenwald

Banaji

1995

Psychological Review

5,165

112

3,659

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusionthat attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation-extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures-which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.Long before they became central to other areas of psychological theory, concepts of cognitive mediation dominated the analysis of social behavior. The constructs on which this article focuses achieved early prominence in social psychological theory with formulations that were partly (attitude) or entirely (stereotype) cognitive. By the 1930s, Allport (1935) had declared attitude to be social psychology's "most distinctive and indispensable concept" (p. 798), Thurstone (1931;Thurstone & Chave, 1929) had developed quantitatively sophisticated methods for attitude measurement, and Braly (1933, 1935) had introduced a method that is still in use to investigate stereotypes. Self-esteem, an attitudinal construct to which this article gives separate treatment because of its prominence in recent research, also has a long-established history (e.g., James, 1890; see overview in Wylie, 1974Wylie, , 1979.Through much of the period since the 1930s, most social psychologists have assumed that attitudes, and to a lesser extent stereotypes, operate in a conscious mode. This widespread assumption of conscious operation is most evident in the nearuniversal practice of operationalizing attitudes (including selfesteem) and stereotypes with direct (instructed self-report) measures. The pervasiveness of direct measurement for attitudes and stereotypes was documented by Greenwald (1990) and by Banaji and Greenwald (1994) and is further reviewed below. In contrast, this article describes an indirect, unconscious, or implicit mode of operation for attitudes and stereotypes. 1 Anthony G. Greenwald, Department of Psychology, University of Washington; Mahzarin R. Banaji, Department of Psychology, Yale University.Preparation of this report as well as conduct of some of the research reported in it were supported by National Science Foundation Grants DBC-9205890 and DBC-9120987 and by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-41328. We thank...

show abstract

On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications.

Cited by 3,492 publications

References 5 publications

The Appropriateness of Using Laboratories and Student Participants in Gambling Research

The Appropriateness of Using Laboratories and Student Participants in Gambling Research

Goal Activation, Expectations, and the Placebo Effect.

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About