On the Security and Performance of Proof-based Consensus Protocols

Rebello, Gabriel Antonio F.; Camilo, Gustavo F.; Guimarães, Lucas Costa; Souza, Lucas Airam C. de; Duarte, Otto Carlos Muniz Bandeira

doi:10.1109/ciot50422.2020.9244295

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Such attacks occur due to the confusion that some nodes may experience after a hard fork and often within insecure cryptocurrencybased protocols. Various blockchain platforms, such as the Exonum [199], Bitcoin [165], Ethereum [194], Elastico [121] and Parity [148] are vulnerable to security attacks that might fork the blockchain [158]. Currently, Monero does not provide any security mechanism against the replay attack [114].…”

Section: Identity-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IOTA [89] is also prone to sybil attacks, since the malicious nodes can create random transactions to select a tip and thus, process invalid transactions. In Ripple, Stellar and Quorum the authorised participants must be authenticated to avoid a Sybil attack [158]. In blockchain platforms that implement a PoW-based consensus protocol, such as Litecoin [116], Monero and Ethereum [194] the malicious node, who wants to create a fake identity should divide its mining power to the corresponding number of sibyls and therefore, reduce its possibility to find the next block.…”

Section: Identity-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, blockchain platforms with a centralised structure are prone to this attack [51], e.g., Quorum (i.e., the structure of Quorum slices is highly centralised) and Stellar, which is highly depended on the structure of the quorum slices [95]. In the same context, a recent study found that over 30% of the users in EOSIO correspond to botnets, with more than 300 attacks that have already been detected [158].…”

Section: Service-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On the suitability of blockchain platforms for IoT applications: Architectures, security, privacy, and performance

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies have received significant interest in various areas beyond the financial sector, with profound applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), providing the means for creating truly trustless and secure solutions for IoT applications. Taking into account the weak security defences that the majority of IoT devices have, it is critical that a blockchain-based solution targeting the IoT is not only capable of addressing the many challenges IoT is facing, but also does not introduce other defects, e.g. in terms of performance, making its adoption hard to achieve. This paper aims at addressing the above needs by providing a comprehensive and coherent review of the available blockchain solutions to determine their ability to meet the requirements and tackle the challenges of the IoT, using the smart home as the reference domain. Key architectural aspects of blockchain solutions, like the platforms' software and network setups, the consensus protocols used, as well as smart contracts, are examined in terms of their ability to withstand various types of common IoT and blockchain attacks, deliver enhanced privacy features, and assure adequate performance levels while processing large amounts of transactions being generated in an IoT environment. The analysis carried out identified that the defences currently provided by blockchain platforms are not su cient to thwart all the prominent attacks against blockchains, with blockchain 1.0 and 2.0 platforms being susceptible to the majority of them. On the other side, privacy related mechanisms are being supported, to varying degrees, by all platforms investigated; however, each of the them tackles specific only privacy aspects, thus rendering the overall privacy evaluation a challenging task which needs to be considered in an ad-hoc basis. If the underlying consensus protocols' performance and fault tolerance is also considered, then only a small number of platforms meet the requirements of our reference IoT domain. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 786698. The work reflects only the authors' view and the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

show abstract

Section: Identity-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identity-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Service-based Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

On the suitability of blockchain platforms for IoT applications: Architectures, security, privacy, and performance

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This paper is an extended version of a previous conference publication [75]. In this article, we present detailed information about each consensus protocol operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A security and performance analysis of proof-based consensus protocols

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Blockchain is a disruptive technology that will revolutionize the Internet and our way of living, working, and trading. However, the consensus protocols of most blockchain-based public systems show vulnerabilities and performance limitations that hinder the mass adoption of blockchain. This paper presents and compares the main proof-based consensus protocols, focusing on the security and performance of each consensus protocol. Proof-based protocols use the probabilistic consensus model and are more suitable for public environments with many participants, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). We highlight the centralization tendency and the main vulnerabilities of Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and their countermeasures. We also analyze and compare alternative proof-based protocols, such as Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET), Proof of Burn (PoB), Proof of Authority (PoA), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). Finally, we analyze the security of the IOTA consensus protocol, a DAG-based platform suited for the IoT environment. Keywords Blockchain • Consensus • Security1 Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym used by the creator or creators of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The real identity is unknown. 2 The network nodes are identified by an asymmetric key pair, that provides a some level of anonymity. However, curious nodes can infer identity information based on blockchain history.

show abstract

“…Os protocolos de consenso de correntes de blocos (blockchain) mais utilizados atualmente apresentam problemas significativos de latência e gasto de energia que impedem a adoção de criptomoedas na vida cotidiana[Rebello et al 2020. Publicar uma transação no Bitcoin leva aproximadamente uma hora, incorre em mais de 100 reais de taxas e gasta uma quantidade de energia suficiente para manter uma residência brasileira média por três meses[Blockchain.com 2021, MME 2017.…”

unclassified

Protegendo Redes de Canais de Pagamento Sem Fio com Janelas de Tempo de Bloqueio Mínimas

Rebello¹,

Potop-Butucaru²,

Amorim³

et al. 2021

Anais Do XXI Simpósio Brasileiro De Segurança Da Informação E De Sistemas Computacionais (SBSeg 2021)

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Redes de canais de pagamento (Payment Channel Networks - PCN) aumentam o impacto das criptomoedas, fornecendo uma solução rápida e independente de consenso para mitigar os problemas de escalabilidade dos protocolos tradicionais de correntes de blocos (blockchain). No entanto, as PCNs atuais são baseadas em nós robustos com alta disponibilidade e capacidade computacional, dificultando sua adoção em ambientes móveis e sem fio. Este artigo propõe uma arquitetura PCN híbrida que estende as funcionalidades das PCNs tradicionais para cenários de dispositivos sem fio com recursos limitados. O artigo analisa a vulnerabilidade de roubo de tokens e propõe uma contramedida com base em janelas de tempo de bloqueio. O artigo avalia a proposta com dados reais da Lightning Network e de redes de banda larga móvel. Os resultados mostram que a janela de tempo mínimo de bloqueio depende do tempo de inatividade dos dispositivos e que selecionar uma janela padrão é mais eficaz quando os dispositivos apresentam alta disponibilidade.

show abstract

On the Security and Performance of Proof-based Consensus Protocols

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

On the suitability of blockchain platforms for IoT applications: Architectures, security, privacy, and performance

On the suitability of blockchain platforms for IoT applications: Architectures, security, privacy, and performance

A security and performance analysis of proof-based consensus protocols

Protegendo Redes de Canais de Pagamento Sem Fio com Janelas de Tempo de Bloqueio Mínimas

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About