On the scattering and reflection mechanisms contributing to clear air radar echoes from the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesophere

Gage, K. S.; Balsley, B. B.

doi:10.1029/rs015i002p00243

Cited by 147 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Several authors have suggested the occurrence of the two echo mechanisms in simultaneously occurring layers which are narrowly separated in altitude Miller et al, 1993;Swartz et al, 1993;Ulwick et al, 1993). In addition, it seems very likely that partial re¯ection from several layers randomly distributed in the vertical direction, known as Fresnel scatter (Gage and Balsley, 1980), will occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The small-scale structure of VHF mesospheric summer echo layers observed at mid-latitudes

Hooper

Thomas

1997

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. The VHF radar system at Aberystwyth (52X4 N, 4X1 E) has been used to make high-timeresolution, multi-beam observations of mesospheric summer echo layers. These show that the altitude and the sense of vertical movement of the layers can vary over time-scales of minutes and horizontal scales of kilometres. In general, the altitude pro®les of signal-tonoise ratio provide evidence of a bifurcated structure with sharp changes in the horizontal wind vector and vertical velocity, and enhanced spectral width occurring at the bifurcation level. The implications of the smallscale structure for studies of the aspect sensitivity of radar returns are discussed, and the changes in wind®eld at the bifurcation level are compared with`wind corners' observed in rocket studies of the mesosphere at polar latitudes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The small-scale structure of VHF mesospheric summer echo layers observed at mid-latitudes

Hooper

Thomas

1997

Ann. Geophys.

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“…The structure parameter C~ may be estimated from the variance of radio refractive index fluctuations appropriate to the scattering volume (Gossard 1977;Van Zandt et al et al 1978). The radio refractive index variance is known to decrease with height (Lane 1968;Borresen and Gjessing 1969;Crane 1980;Gage and Balsley 1980). Values of C~ from troposcatter observations at a height of 1 ·5 km lie in the range 10-12 to 10-16 m-2 / 3 (Gossard 1977; Ecklund et al 1977;Van Zandt et al 1978;Chadwick and Moren 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the Radio Refractive Index Structure Parameter C2n with a Microwave Refractometer in Tropical Latitudes

Sarma¹,

Pasricha²

1989

Aust. J. Phys.

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The spatial and temporal variations of the radio refractive index lead to scattering of electromagnetic energy. Modern communication systems are subject to vagaries of the turbulence due to the radio refractive index fluctuations. Vertical resolution of radiosondes is insufficient to resolve the structures of clear air turbulence in the atmosphere. In a tropical country like India, aircraft measurements of radio refractive index fluctuations have been non-existent. Measurements on the fine structure information of radio refractivity have now been made at tropical latitudes, using an airborne microwave refractometer. The atmospheric turbulence structure parameter C~, deduced from such height profiles of radio refractivity, has a lower value in local winter than in summer. These values of C~ are large compared with the values obtained using routine radiosonde observations. Spectra of radio refractive index fluctuations at different heights and the scale size of the inhomogeneities have been estimated.

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“…The dry term of the refractive index gradient M is calculated from the signal-to-noise ratio of the radar (VanZandt et al, 1978;Gage and Balsley, 1980) and temperature is deduced from the general equation relating M to atmospheric parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature retrieval with VHF radar using combined techniques

Klaus¹

2008

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the practical contribution of a VHF radar to high time resolution automatic temperature profiling both for research and operational applications in the frame of an integrated system of ground-based remote-sensing instruments. Based on the most prominent results already mentioned about this instrumentation, different techniques, related to the temperature data retrieval, are experimentally tested and documented using the INSU/Meteo 45 MHz wind profiler operating at CNRM/Toulouse or during cooperative campaigns. In parallel to the self-sufficient Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS), other approaches, using the Brunt-Vaisala frequency measurements, allow an extension of height coverage up to the higher troposphere and the tropopause. As only temperature gradients can be measured by this way, complementary data from other instruments are desirable. This makes it particularly fitted to an integrated remote-sensing system operating from the ground combining wind profilers with GPS, radiometers, lidar ceilometers and sodars.

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On the scattering and reflection mechanisms contributing to clear air radar echoes from the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesophere

Cited by 147 publications

References 64 publications

The small-scale structure of VHF mesospheric summer echo layers observed at mid-latitudes

The small-scale structure of VHF mesospheric summer echo layers observed at mid-latitudes

Measurements of the Radio Refractive Index Structure Parameter C2n with a Microwave Refractometer in Tropical Latitudes

Temperature retrieval with VHF radar using combined techniques

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