On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink<sup>1</sup>

Ogawa, Takahiro; Suzuki, Naoto

doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2004.00233.x

Cited by 40 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Allocating attention to T1 is thought to leave less attention available for T2, rendering T2 vulnerable to decay or substitutionhence the transient 'blink' in attention (for review, see Shapiro et al 1997). However, the size of the attentional blink is greatly attenuated if T2 stimuli are emotionally charged (Anderson and Phelps 2001;Anderson 2005;Ogawa and Suzuki 2004;Arend and Botella 2002). This affective modulation of the attentional blink is most evident when T1 and T2 are close together, which is when attentional resources are most occupied with the processing of the preceding T1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Corden

Chilvers

Skuse

2007

J Autism Dev Disord

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Using an attentional blink paradigm, we show that the typical enhancement of perception for emotionally arousing events is significantly reduced in Asperger's syndrome (AS) at short inter-target intervals. Control experiments demonstrate that this finding cannot be attributed to differences in the perceived arousal of the stimuli, or to a global impairment affecting any type of modulation of perceptual encoding. Because a functioning amygdala is critical for emotional modulation of the attentional blink, the findings support a role for the amygdala in the pathophysiology of AS. More specifically, they suggest there is a fundamental failure of the amygdala to modulate processing in cortex, a concept at the heart of some recent theories of amygdala involvement in the aetiology of autistic-spectrum disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Corden

Chilvers

Skuse

2007

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…The contrast of interest-the difference between positive and neutral stimuli-had to be assessed and tested through a within-subject design. Very few studies tested the contrast of interest with a between design (Mak-Fan, Thompson, & Green, 2011;Ogawa & Suzuki, 2004); given the potential bias in combining between and within designs in the same meta-analysis (Morris & DeShon, 2002), we decided not to include studies that used a between-subjects design.…”

Section: Methods Inclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation.

Pool

Brosch

Delplanque

et al. 2016

Psychological Bulletin

303

267

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Despite an initial focus on negative threatening stimuli, researchers have more recently expanded the investigation of attentional biases toward positive rewarding stimuli. The present meta-analysis systematically compared attentional bias for positive compared with neutral visual stimuli across 243 studies (N ϭ 9,120 healthy participants) that used different types of attentional paradigms and positive stimuli. Factors were tested that, as postulated by several attentional models derived from theories of emotion, might modulate this bias. Overall, results showed a significant, albeit modest (Hedges' g ϭ .258), attentional bias for positive as compared with neutral stimuli. Moderator analyses revealed that the magnitude of this attentional bias varied as a function of arousal and that this bias was significantly larger when the emotional stimulus was relevant to specific concerns (e.g., hunger) of the participants compared with other positive stimuli that were less relevant to the participants' concerns. Moreover, the moderator analyses showed that attentional bias for positive stimuli was larger in paradigms that measure early, rather than late, attentional processing, suggesting that attentional bias for positive stimuli occurs rapidly and involuntarily. Implications for theories of emotion and attention are discussed.Keywords: attentional bias, positive emotion, reward, emotional theories, attention Emotions guide behavior (e.g., approach or avoidance), modulate many cognitive processes (e.g., memory and decision making), and signal the presence of important events in the environment . When several stimuli compete for access to the limited attentional resources of an individual, a bias toward emotional stimuli allows efficient detection of these events and rapid preparation of adaptive reactions (Pourtois, Schettino, & Vuilleumier, 2013). Attentional bias for emotional stimuli has attracted considerable interest in neuroscience (Vuilleumier, 2005) and psychology (Van Bockstaele et al., 2014;Yiend, 2010). Initially, experimental research in both fields mainly focused on the negative emotion of fear. Indeed, fear was one of the first emotions investigated in an experimental setting in neuroscience through fear conditioning in rodents (see LeDoux, 1996). The earliest investigations in human research tried to extend these findings with the use of fear-relevant stimuli such as faces expressing fear or anger (Mogg & Bradley, 1998;Vuilleumier, Armony, Driver, & Dolan, 2001). In addition, a large corpus of studies investigated attentional bias for threatening stimuli in healthy participants, as well as in participants experiencing a variety of anxiety disorders (for an encompassing meta-analysis on anxious and nonanxious participants, see Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007).Despite this initial focus on threatening stimuli, researchers have more recently expanded the investigation of attentional biases to rewarding stimuli. In the last decade, the topic of attentional bias for these...

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“…Several studies have shown that the AB is attenuated for highly arousing T2 words (Anderson, 2005;Anderson & Phelps, 2002;Keil & Ihssen, 2004;Keil, Ihssen, & Heim, 2006). Other studies have shown that participants' own name (Shapiro, Caldwell, & Sorensen, 1997), familiar faces (Jackson & Raymond, 2006), and negatively valenced ideographs (Ogawa & Suzuki, 2004) "survive" the AB as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced attentional blink for alcohol-related stimuli in heavy social drinkers

2009

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Researchers have used various paradigms to show that attentional biases for substance-related stimuli are an important feature of addictive behaviors (e.g. Field & Cox, 2008). However, it is not clear whether these attentional biases occur at the level of encoding or at later postattentive processing stages. We examined attentional bias at the level of encoding with the attentional blink (AB) paradigm (Raymond et al., 1992) in a sample of non-clinical heavy and light drinking students. Our results show a diminished AB effect for alcohol-related words compared to soft drink-related words among heavy drinkers. The AB was equally strong for alcohol-related and soft drink-related words among light drinkers. This suggests that alcoholrelated information is processed relatively more efficiently in the former group. Even though these results are promising, our study shows that the internal consistency of the AB can be improved.

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On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink¹

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation.

Reduced attentional blink for alcohol-related stimuli in heavy social drinkers

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On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink1

Cited by 40 publications

References 22 publications

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Emotional Modulation of Perception in Asperger’s Syndrome

Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation.

Reduced attentional blink for alcohol-related stimuli in heavy social drinkers

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About

On the saliency of negative stimuli: Evidence from attentional blink¹