On the robustness of gender differences in economic behavior

Fornwagner, Helena; Grosskopf, Brit; Lauf, Alexander; Schöller, Vanessa; Städter, Silvio

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25141-1

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Our study is also related to work describing how norms and gender correlate or interact. The results are mixed, while most studies, which we will explain in more detail in the following, do find an interaction between gender, norms, and economic behavior, others do not find an influence of gender on economic behavior (Fornwagner et al, 2022). Prominent examples can be found in the labor market, where it is the norm that women negotiate less fiercely over wages and promotions (Exley et al, 2020), and men are traditionally the breadwinners in the household (Gauri et al, 2019;Bursztyn et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effects of Gendered Language on Norm Compliance

2023

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effects of Gendered Language on Norm Compliance

2023

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“…Sex differences can also emerge in decision-making where an animal is given a choice between an option that provides a smaller but guaranteed gain and an option that provides a larger gain but also could provide a loss. In humans, it is well-established that men tend to be more risk-seeking than women in a wide domain of decision-making ( Fornwagner et al, 2022 ), gambling ( Raylu and Oei, 2002 ; van den Bos et al, 2013a ), and financial risk-taking ( Dwyer et al, 2002 ; Eckel and Grossman, 2002 ; Charness and Gneezy, 2012 ). In contrast, studies on non-human animals, including common laboratory mice, have been limited in their conclusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appetitively motivated tasks in the IntelliCage reveal a higher motivational cost of spatial learning in male than female mice

Nigri,

Bramati,

Steiner

et al. 2024

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The IntelliCage (IC) permits the assessment of the behavior and learning abilities of mice in a social home cage context. To overcome water deprivation as an aversive driver of learning, we developed protocols in which spatial learning is motivated appetitively by the preference of mice for sweetened over plain water. While plain water is available at all times, only correct task responses give access to sweetened water rewards. Under these conditions, C57BL/6J mice successfully mastered a corner preference task with the reversal and also learned a more difficult time-place task with reversal. However, the rate of responding to sweetened water decreased strongly with increasing task difficulty, indicating that learning challenges and reduced success in obtaining rewards decreased the motivation of the animals to seek sweetened water. While C57BL/6J mice of both sexes showed similar initial taste preferences and learned similarly well in simple learning tasks, the rate of responding to sweetened water and performance dropped more rapidly in male than in female mice in response to increasing learning challenges. Taken together, our data indicate that male mice can have a disadvantage relative to females in mastering difficult, appetitively motivated learning tasks, likely due to sex differences in value-based decision-making.

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“…Many behavioral studies have examined how people behave in the canonical games DG and the UG, allowing the aggregation of empirical insights in large meta-analyses (see meta-analyses on DG 30 and UG 31 ). A diverse overview exists of how demographic factors, such as age 30,32 and gender, shape behavior in economic games (DG 30 ; UG [33][34][35] ). Likewise no clear relationship between prompted gender and behavior in LLMs appears to exist -at least in terms of responses to the personality inventory 35 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A diverse overview exists of how demographic factors, such as age 30,32 and gender, shape behavior in economic games (DG 30 ; UG [33][34][35] ). Likewise no clear relationship between prompted gender and behavior in LLMs appears to exist -at least in terms of responses to the personality inventory 35 . However, evidence on how socio-demographic prompting of these features in uences LLMs' advice remains scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPT-3.5 altruistic advice is sensitive to reciprocal concerns but not to strategic risk

Schmidt,

Bonati,

Köbis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their ability to generate human-like text and responses across various domains. This study delves into the social and strategic behavior of the commonly used LLM GPT-3.5 by investigating its suggestions in well-established behavioral economics paradigms. Specifically, we focus on social preferences, including altruism, reciprocity, and fairness, in the context of two classic economic games: the Dictator Game (DG) and the Ultimatum Game (UG). Our research aims to answer three overarching questions: (1) To what extent do GPT-3.5 suggestions reflect human social preferences? (2) How do socio-demographic features of the advisee and (3) technical parameters of the model influence the suggestions of GPT-3.5? We present detailed empirical evidence from extensive experiments with GPT-3.5, analyzing its responses to various game scenarios while manipulating the demographics of the advisee and the model temperature. Our findings reveal that, in the DG, model suggestions are more altruistic than in humans. We further show that it also picks up on more subtle aspects of human social preferences: fairness and reciprocity. This research contributes to the ongoing exploration of AI-driven systems' alignment with human behavior and social norms, providing valuable insights into the behavior of pre-trained LLMs and their implications for human-AI interactions. Additionally, our study offers a methodological benchmark for future research examining human-like characteristics and behaviors in language models.

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On the robustness of gender differences in economic behavior

Cited by 8 publications

References 67 publications

The Effects of Gendered Language on Norm Compliance

The Effects of Gendered Language on Norm Compliance

Appetitively motivated tasks in the IntelliCage reveal a higher motivational cost of spatial learning in male than female mice

GPT-3.5 altruistic advice is sensitive to reciprocal concerns but not to strategic risk

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