On the resolution of retarding field energy analysers. I

Quiescent argon plasmas of densities of 109–1011 electrons/cm3 with a symmetric radial density profile and a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution (Te≃5 eV) have been produced by a rf discharge for neutral gas pressures of 1×10−4 to 2×10−3 mm Hg and magnetic fields in the range 0.2–0.5 kG. The main sources of density inhomogeneities and noise, which can arise from the formation of a plasma in regions of strong rf field inhomogeneities, have been eliminated by appropriate construction of the rf wave structure. The rms density fluctuation level δn/n is in the range 2×10−3 to 5×10−2, and decreases with increasing neutral gas pressure.

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Production of a quiescent plasma by a rf discharge

Bitter¹,

Hollenstein²,

Paris³

1976

Review of Scientific Instruments

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An instrument for measuring circular dichroism simultaneously at all wavelengths in a limited spectral range

Andert¹,

Schälike²,

Nölting

et al. 1991

Review of Scientific Instruments

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An instrument is described for the simultaneous measurement of circular dichroism at all wavelengths in a limited spectral range. A polychromator and a charge-coupled device (CCD), serving as multichannel sensor, are arranged behind the sample cell, which is located close to the entrance slit, in contrast to the arrangement of a monochromator before the cell and using a photomultiplier as radiation detector, as usual until now. The CCD with low-noise electronics is driven by the system clock of a microprocessing unit controlled by a quartz oscillator and works fully synchronously with modulation and acquisition cycles. This leads to a high suppression of noise and systematic deviations. An electro-optic modulator with approximately rectangular excitation voltage is used. Partial CD spectra over the range of 80 nm each down to 200 nm have been recorded. The detection of a smaller amount of substance is possible than with other modern commercial instruments such as a JASCO J-600, with the same signal-to-noise ratio.

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Source of low-energy hydrogen ions for measuring electron transfer in surface scattering experiments

Isenberg

Kwon

Seidl

1992

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present the design and performance of a beamline which is the source of 5–50-eV protons for surface scattering experiments. The beamline also incorporates a collector for measuring total secondary ion and electron yields. The beam forming optics are built around a commercially available gas discharge ion gun and produce a mass-selected, energy-filtered beam. Results of computer ray tracing are included to illustrate the operation of the beam optics. Tests have produced 50-pA proton beams 3.5-mm wide at 5 eV with an energy spread of about 1 eV.

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On the resolution of retarding field energy analysers. I

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Production of a quiescent plasma by a rf discharge

Production of a quiescent plasma by a rf discharge

An instrument for measuring circular dichroism simultaneously at all wavelengths in a limited spectral range

Source of low-energy hydrogen ions for measuring electron transfer in surface scattering experiments

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