On the resistivity and surface tension of the eutectic alloy of gallium and indium

Zrnić, Dragan; Swatik, Donald Stephen

doi:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90121-0

Cited by 202 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…EGaIn is a commercially available liquid metal alloy with the following attributes: i) EGaIn is electrically conductive. The resistivity of EGaIn is $29.4Â10 À6 V-cm; [4,5] this property allows EGaIn to be used as a contact electrode for the electrical characterization of thin-film organic and semiconductor devices. [6,7] ii) The surface of EGaIn is covered with a thin ''skin''.…”

Section: Egainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eutectic Gallium‐Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature

Dickey

Chiechi

Larsen

et al. 2008

Adv Funct Materials

1,227

1,234

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This paper describes the rheological behavior of the liquid metal eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn) as it is injected into microfluidic channels to form stable microstructures of liquid metal. EGaIn is well‐ ;suited for this application because of its rheological properties at room temperature: it behaves like an elastic material until it experiences a critical surface stress, at which point it yields and flows readily. These properties allow EGaIn to fill microchannels rapidly when sufficient pressure is applied to the inlet of the channels, yet maintain structural stability within the channels once ambient pressure is restored. Experiments conducted in microfluidic channels, and in a parallel‐plate rheometer, suggest that EGaIn's behavior is dictated by the properties of its surface (predominantly gallium oxide, as determined by Auger measurement s); these two experiments both yield approximately the same number for the critical surface stress required to induce EGaIn to flow (∼0 .5 N/m). This analysis–which shows that the pressure that must be exceeded for EGaIn to flow through a microchannel is inversely proportional to the critical (i.e., smallest) dimension of the channel–is useful to guide future fabrication of microfluidic channels to mold EGaIn into functional microstructures.

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Section: Egainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eutectic Gallium‐Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature

Dickey

Chiechi

Larsen

et al. 2008

Adv Funct Materials

1,227

1,234

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“…Mercury could be used to fill the channels, but it is toxic and its high surface energy prevents it from forming mechanically stable structures (i.e., mercury withdraws from the channel to minimize its surface area). [2] EGaIn is a lowviscosity (approximately twice the viscosity of water) liquid metal alloy at room temperature with a relatively high conductivity (s ¼ 3.4 Â 10 4 S cm -1 [26,27] ). For comparison, the conductivity of copper at room temperature is 5.96 Â 10 5 S cm…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversibly Deformable and Mechanically Tunable Fluidic Antennas

Thelen

Qusba

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

518

399

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This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of fluidic dipole antennas that are reconfigurable, reversibly deformable, and mechanically tunable. The antennas consist of a fluid metal alloy injected into microfluidic channels comprising a silicone elastomer. By employing soft lithographic, rapid prototyping methods, the fluidic antennas are easier to fabricate than conventional copper antennas. The fluidic dipole radiates with ≈90% efficiency over a broad frequency range (1910–1990 MHz), which is equivalent to the expected efficiency for a similar dipole with solid metallic elements such as copper. The metal, eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), is a low‐viscosity liquid at room temperature and possesses a thin oxide skin that provides mechanical stability to the fluid within the elastomeric channels. Because the conductive element of the antenna is a fluid, the mechanical properties and shape of the antenna are defined by the elastomeric channels, which are composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The antennas can withstand mechanical deformation (stretching, bending, rolling, and twisting) and return to their original state after removal of an applied stress. The ability of the fluid metal to flow during deformation of the PDMS ensures electrical continuity. The shape and thus, the function of the antenna, is reconfigurable. The resonant frequency can be tuned mechanically by elongating the antenna via stretching without any hysteresis during strain relaxation, and the measured resonant frequency as a function of strain shows excellent agreement (±0.1–0.3% error) with that predicted by theoretical finite element modeling. The antennas are therefore sensors of strain. The fluid metal also facilitates self‐healing in response to sharp cuts through the antenna.

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“…The primary reasons being: (1) eutectic Gallium-Indium is inherently easy to handle, because it does not react violently with water vapor or oxygen a3 does HaK-jQ (however, care must be exercised because of its toxicity 4 ); (2) it has a higher density 5 than NaK78, it is therefore less influenced by MHD forces; (3) it is easily purified by simple electrolysis 6 ; and, (4) it has a higher electrical conductivity than NaKys. 7 Thus, since viscous losses are less important in low speed machines than in high speed machines, eutectic Gallium-Indium may be the more desirable current collection fluid.…”

Section: Gatium-indium Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Development of a Segmented Magnet Homopolar Torque Converter

Mole¹,

Arcella²,

Berkey³

et al. 1975

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This program is for the research and development of a new mechanical power transmission concept: the segmented magnet homopolar torque converter. The purpose of this device is to convert unidirectional torcue of constant speed (such as from a steam turbine prime mover) into variable speed output torque in either the forward or reverse directions. The concept offers an efficient, lightweight low volume design with potential application over a wide range of speeds and power ratings in the range from hundreds to tens of thousands of horsepower. This machine concept can be applied to commercial and military advanced concept vehicles for both terrain and marine environments.The program places particular emphasis on the technology of liquid metal current collection systems for the reason this i^ essential for the success of the homopolar machine concept.This report period encompasses the completion of Phase ii experimental work and the initiation of Phase III. In Phase I the technical problems were reviewed, the machine concepts were studied, and a detailed technical plan was evolved for the entire program. In Phase II, theoretical, engineering, and experimental tasks were performed to develop a reliable constant speed current collection sysler which was demonstrated in an actual segmented magnet homopolar generator (SEGMAG).

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On the resistivity and surface tension of the eutectic alloy of gallium and indium

Cited by 202 publications

References 1 publication

Eutectic Gallium‐Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature

Eutectic Gallium‐Indium (EGaIn): A Liquid Metal Alloy for the Formation of Stable Structures in Microchannels at Room Temperature

Reversibly Deformable and Mechanically Tunable Fluidic Antennas

Design and Development of a Segmented Magnet Homopolar Torque Converter

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